IC
This term has been used in different ways by different researchers; a more modern definition encompasses cross-cultural, intercultural, and inter-discursive dimensions.
What is intercultural communication?
These migrants face uniques challenges such as being expected to have an automatic affiliation with their "home" culture and being judged for their language proficiency.
What are adoptees-returnees?
This term refers to a sociological approach which is "more nuanced, multileveled and complicated" than earlier approaches (Block, 2007, p. 3). Culture and identity are seen as fluid.
What is poststructuralism?
The flow of media around the world, and the linguistic diversity present in a culture's media.
What is mediascape?
Posited as a reaction to "motivation," this term "...signals the socially and historically constructed relationship of learners to the target language and their often ambivalent desire to learn and practice it” (Norton, 2010, p. 353).
What is investment?
In the classroom, this concept refers to communities a learner may be invested in or desire to become part of. On a larger scale, it refers to communities too large for group members to all know each other.
What is an imagined community?
These people moved due to a desire to improve their quality of life or career options.
What are economic migrants?
This hypothesis states that language shapes/affects/determines our world view.
What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis? (OR linguistic relativity)
This term primarily refers to visual indicators of linguistic diversity in the public space, but also, “the social context in which more than one language is present” (Gorter, 2006, p. 1).
What is linguistic landscape?
This is a heavily theorized, academic concept which refers to a sense of self which is continually negotiated and renegotiated in relation to the larger social world as well as time and space (Norton, 2009).
What is identity?
Members of established nation-states are led to identify with their nation via practices "enacted and re-enacted daily in many mundane, almost unnoticeable" ways (Piller, 2011, p. 60)
What is banal nationalism?
“[A] person who has spent a significant part of his or her developmental years outside the parents’ culture, building relationships to all cultures, while not having full ownership in any...” (Pollock, 2009, p. 19). Generally the children of migrants.
Who are third culture kids?
Under this approach, culture and identity are seen as fixed entities, and the self "as the product of social conditions in and under which it was developed” (Block, 2007, p. 2)
What is structuralism?
This term refers to the flows of people around the world (e.g. tourists, immigrants, refugees)
What is ethnoscape?
“...the assumed and/or attributed relationship between one’s sense of self and means of communication, which might be known as a language (e.g. English) a dialect (Geordie) or a sociolect (e.g. football-speak)” (Block, 2007)
What is language identity?
This term describes 'an aggregate of people who come together around mutual engagement in an endeavour' (Eckert and McConnell-Ginet, 1992: 464). Ways of doing/thinking/talking/etc. are shared.
What is a community of practice?
These people are similar to refugees, but can apply for refugees status after fleeing their home country.
Who are asylum seekers?
This Dutch psychologist is famous for his research into cultural differences.
Who is Geert Hofstede?
These categories are used to describe the flows of people, technology, money, media, and ideas around the world.
What are Appadurai’s 5 scapes of globalization?
This term refers to the 'negotiation of difference' in 'the presence of fissures, gaps and contradictions' during which the past and the present 'encounter and transform each other' (Papastergiadis, 2000: 170); metaphorically, this may be considered as "the whole greater than the sum of its parts" for language and identity mixing.
What is hybridity?
This is an ideological construct called into play by social actors to produce and reproduce social categories and boundaries; it is the construction of ways of life of different national and ethnic groups.
What is culture?
These people were born on one country but raised in another; they are neither ESL learners nor native English speakers.
What is Generation 1.5?
This term refers to “The conscious and unconscious thoughts and emotions of the individual, her sense of herself and her ways of understanding her relation in the world” (Weedon, 1997, p. 32); these are discursively re-constructed as part of identity.
What are subjectivities?
This concept refers to the overlapping domains of life which "produce linguistic and cultural hybridity" and provide "language learners with new identity options" (Higgins, 2014)
What are intersecting scapes?
This term refers to the "the state of human beings who are forced by their individual life trajectories to make choices where choices are not easy to make. However, it is not a desirable state and in studies based on life narratives, individuals generally attempt to resolve the conflicts that underlie" it.
What is ambivalence?