Coordination and Response
Name 3 organs where one would find receptors that could sense a stimulus.
skin, eyes, nose, tongue, ears
What is the main function of xylem?
To transport water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.
What is the primary function of respiration?
To produce energy in the form of ATP by breaking down glucose.
What nutrient is essential for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide.
What is the basic unit of life?
The cell.
Name the parts of the Central Nervous System.
The brain and spinal chord
Name the process by which water moves through plant roots.
Osmosis.
Name the gas produced during anaerobic respiration in muscles.
Lactic Acid
Name the organ where protein digestion begins in humans.
The stomach.
Name the organelle responsible for energy production in cells.
The mitochondrion.
Describe the role of synapses in the nervous system.
Synapses are junctions between neurons that allow neurons to communicate via neurotransmitters that diffuse across the synaptic cleft.
Compare the structure of arteries and veins.
Arteries have thick, muscular, and elastic walls to withstand high pressure and help pump blood, while veins have thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow as they are under lower pressure.
Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP, while anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen and produces less ATP along with lactic acid or ethanol.
Describe the process of nutrient absorption in the small intestine.
Nutrients are absorbed through the villi in the small intestine into the bloodstream.
Compare and contrast plant and animal cells.
Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, while animal cells do not. (all/most other organelles are present/same)
Explain how reflex actions work.
Reflex actions are automatic responses to stimuli that involve a simple pathway starting with receptors, moving to sensory neurons, through the spinal cord with relay neurons (bypassing the brain for a quicker response), through a motor neuron, and finally to an effector (muscle or gland).
What 2 substances does Phloem transport in plants?
amino acids and sucrose
Explain the role of alveoli in gas exchange and include 3 of their adaptations
Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide between the air and the blood. Adaptations include rich blood supply, high surface area, and one cell thick (short diffusion distance)
Explain the role of the chloroplast and chlorophyll in photosynthesis. Make sure to mention reactants and products.
Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, which is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
Explain the effects of temperature and pH on enzyme activity.
low temperature - molecules moving slowly so less collisions between active site and substrate and lower reaction rate.
high temperature - molecules moving faster so more collisions between active site and substrate and higher reaction rate.
Too high - denatures active site, changing shape, no longer can perform chemical reactions.
pH - optimal ph allows higher reaction rate, if too high, denaturation occurs
Describe how hormones coordinate responses in plants and animals. Give one example of each.
Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream in animals or through plant tissues to regulate various physiological processes and responses to stimuli.
Humans: Adrenaline for fight or flight response, increased blood flow for production of more energy through cell resp.
Plants: Auxin - Phototropism, encourages cell elongation on dark side of plant stem.
Describe the composition of the blood and each component's functions
red blood cells - Transports Oxygen from lunges to tissues and Carbon Dioxide from tissues to lungs
white blood cells - Involved in immune response/fights of pathogens/prevents infection
platelets - helps to clot blood if injured
plasma - contains most fluids/water for hydration of cells, contains blood nutrients and waste (O2 and CO2, sugars), hormones
Describe the process of fermentation in yeast cells.
Fermentation in yeast cells converts glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide, releasing energy in the absence of oxygen.
Explain in detail the role of bile in human digestion.
Bile breaks down larger globules/droplets/groups of fats/lipids into smaller globules/droplets/groups of fats/lipids to increase surface area so it is easier for enzymes like lipase to break it down into its smallest parts.
Explain the chemical tests that would be conducted for each of the following. Include the color change if present. Glucose, Starch, Protein, Lipid
Glucose - Benedicts - turns redish/orange/brown
Starch - Iodine - turns black/blue
Protein - Biurets - purple
Lipid - ethanol - cloudy