Happy
What is the difference between mycoplasma and mycobacteria?
mycoplasma-- no cell wall, huge variability in shape due to the lack of cell wall
What are the 3 cell wall components on bacteria that help evade an immune response?
M protein- blocks phagocytosis
Opa Protein- T helper cell inhibitor
Mycolic acid- resist digestion
What are the 3 main pro-inflammatory cytokines, and what are the 2 main anti-inflammatory cytokines?
pro: TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL6
anti: IL-10, TGF-beta
What glycoprotein targets the membrane attack complex (MAC) in the complement system (all 3 pathways)?
CD59
What cytokine is only secreted by macrophages and serves as a "chemokine" to call neutrophils?
IL-8
endospores
phospholipase
What are the 3 key actions of histamine and what cells secrete it?
vasodilation, promotes "leaky" vessels, upregulates selectin/integrin to grab more neutrophils and macrophages
mast cells! (and basophils too)
What are the tags on a B cell as it matures?
What are the tags on a T cell as it matures?
B Cell (CD19 is considered the marker)
-pro and pre = CD10, CD19
-immature, mature, memory = CD20, CD19
-plasma (and memory) = CD27
T cell (CD3 is considered the marker)
-early phase: CD2, CD7, CD3
-intermediate phase: CD1 and CD3
What is the _____ (greek letter) heavy chain that gives rise to _____ in pre-B cells?
ยต and IgM
K antigen
Lipopolysaccharides are found on _____ and are considered an ______.
gram - bacteria
endotoxin
What is the difference between M1 and M2 macrophages?
M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory (called by TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma)
M2 macrophages are anti-inflammatory (called by IL-10 and TGF-beta)
If a T helper cell differentiates via the IL-12 induced pathway, what will it become? What if it goes through the IL-4 induced pathway?
IL-12 = TH1
IL-4 = TH2
What are the isotypes of antibodies and what are they primarily found in/what do they do?
IgA - mucosal (breast milk, nose, GI)
IgD - B cell receptors
IgE - worms and allergies
IgG - opsonization and compliment activation
IgM - mature B cell receptors and compliment activation
What is unique about periplasmic flagella?
they are enclosed in the space between the outer sheath and the cell wall peptidoglycan and they give spirochetes their shape!
What are the two things that are secreted on the skin to help prevent pathogens from entering and what do they do?
lysozyme- secreted in sweat (and tears... and saliva) and breaks down bacterial cell walls
sebum- a fatty acid mixture that lowers the pH
NK cells know which cells to kill by....
their lack of MHC class 1
What cytokine is considered important for both B and T cell development/proliferaiton?
What cytokine causes proliferation of activated B cells?
IL-5
A virus can affect dogs, horses, and mice... but not people. Why might this be?
spike proteins!
host specificity is based on spike proteins (some viruses have a broad range and some do not)
Marginal zone B cells recognize what antibody type?
IgM
In the complement pathway (classical), C1q binds to the FC regions of _____ and _____ (must be adjacent to each other).
IgM and or IgG
If you are deficient in properdin, what are you susceptible to? What about if you are deficient in C3? (hint: think compliment pathway)
properdin- neisserial infection (note properdin is a stabilizer for factor B cleavage)
C3- severe recurrent bacterial infections
T cells can recognize what type of epitope? What about B cells?
B cells can recognize either non-linear/discontinuous or linear/non discontinuous epitopes