Chapter 31- Basics
Where are WBC, RBC, and Platelets produced?
Bone Marrow
In what stage of the immune response, do B-cells and T-cells multiply and cause lymph node enlargement?
Proliferation Stage
What antibody is increased when there is a parasitic or hypersensitivity reaction?
IgE
How is HIV transmitted?
It is transmitted in body fluids (blood, seminal fluid, vaginal secretions, amniotic fluid, and breast milk).
What is the normal range for CD4+ count?
700-1000cells/mm; 500 still within normal limits
Which cells are increased during allergic and stress responses?
Eosinophils and basophils
In what immune response stage are the antigens destroyed or neutralized?
Effector Stage
Which is the first antibody produced in response to bacterial and viral infections?
IgM
What are two risk factors associated with HIV infection?
Sharing infected needles, sexual relations with infected person, infants born to mothers with HIV infection who are breastfeeding.
Which two tests are routinely done to assess immune function and HIV viremia?
CD4+ count and plasma HIV RNA (viral load)
Which are the first cells to arrive at site of inflammation?
Neutrophils
Which cells do T cells produce when they proliferate in the lymph node?
Cytotoxic (killer) cells
Which cells are responsible for recognizing cells from previous exposures?
Memory cells
What is the name for taking one pill containing two HIV medications daily in order to avoid the risk of sexual HIV acquisition?
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
Remember: Client should be tested every 3 months
What are some adverse effects of HIV treatment regimens?
Hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, osteopenia
Risk of cardiovascular disease, MI; Fat redistribution (lipodystrophy and lipohypertrophy)
Which is the non-specific, broad spectrum defense against infection?
Hint: considered first line host defense
Natural Immunity
What do B-cells produce when they proliferate in the lymph node?
Antigen specific antibodies
Which cells have the ability to decrease B-cell production and keep immune response under control?
Suppressor T-cells
What is the name of treatment that includes taking antiretroviral medicine as soon as possible after HIV exposure?
Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
Remember: three medications are given as soon as possible, no more than 72 hours (3 days) after exposure
When addressing nutrition for HIV client, ideally the supplements should be....
Lactose free, high in calories, easily digestible, palatable protein, low fat
Remember: BUN, albumin, pre-albumin, transferrin bloodwork to assess nutritional status
Which cells are the first to arrive at the scene and function as a phagocytic cell?
Monocytes
In what stage of the immune response, are antigens identified by circulating lymphocytes?
Recognition Stage
Which lymphocytes recognize infected and stressed cells and respond by killing these cells?
Natural Killer Cells
What are three examples of standard precautions?
1. Handwashing; 2. Personal protective equipment; 3. Environmental control/laundry/handling of soiled patient equipment; 4. Patient placement; 5. recapping of sharps- one hand scoop; 6. Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette
What is the name of the condition in which the client has an involuntary loss of more than 10% of body weight while experiencing diarrhea, weakness, and/or fever for more than 30days?
HIV Wasting Syndrome