Defense Mechanisms
The central lymphoid organs
thymus and bone marrow
Present in the secretions such as tears, saliva, mucus, and breast milk
IgA
When skin testing would be contraindicated to test for allergens
taking meds that interfere, cannot tolerate, or has a skin disorder (like eczema)
With regard to neutrophils explain a shift to the left
pg 433
normally 'bands' exist at 3-5%, but when there is a sudden increase of these immature cells the fear is that the infection is so extensive that immature WBCs are being released
Most abundant Ig class in the blood, also present in tissue fluids.
when administered this will provide immediate, yet temporary protection from infection
IgG (gamma globulin)
The first line drug for anaphylaxis
epinephrine
then: steroids
With regard to nonspecific defense, tell us about interleukin 1
page 434
IL 1 is a proinflammatory cytokine that increases body temp (endogenous pyrogen) which inhibits the growth of temperature sensitive pathogens. It also activates phagocytes and lymphocytes.
Which line of defense is this is the skin?
First line of defense
What clinical manifestations will you see with anaphylactic reactions?
stridor, skin rash (hives), hypotension
First Ig produced after initial exposure to antigen; then its concentration in the blood declines.
IgM
Primary type of medications are used to treat allergic rhinitis
antihistamines
Briefly explain hemostasis
pg. 436 Within seconds plts come to the site, they change shape, RBCs help increase platelet adherence (release ADP), then platelets can bind fibrinogen and also release histamine and serotonin (cause vasoconstriction), which is then followed by vasodilation allowing needed cellular products to come to the site of injury
The type of effect that passive immunity gives?
immediate
The Ig that is responsible for allergic reactions
IgE
An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against self
Autoimmune disease; this can be treated with plasmapheresis where auto-antibodies are removed
Both coagulation pathways lead to this.
bonus: which factor activates the intrinsic pathway?
a 'final common pathway' of clot formation, retraction, and fibrinolysis
*factor VII (page 436)
B cells produce these in response to specific antigens
antibodies
Describe angioedema
Angioedema is characterized by swelling of the eyelids, lips, and tongue. Wheal and flare lesions, clear nasal drainage, and hypotension and tachycardia are characteristic of other allergic reactions.
The Ig that aids in the differentiation of B cells
IgD
The immune suppression medications needed after transplant are used for how long?
In most cases life-time immune suppression is required
The inactive form of plasmin is called this.
What are substances that can activate this transformation?
page 436
plasminogen
tissue plasminogen activator, thrombin, fibrin, factor XII, lysosomal enzymes, and urokinase