Cells at work!
............. are a crucial component of the innate immune system and a systemic influence of microbiota in the regulation of ............. has been demonstrated.
A)Neutrophils
B)Eosinophils
C)Basophil
D)Erythrocytes
A) Neutrophils
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was demonstrated to attenuate Salmonella enterica-induced inflammation by enhancing the nuclear export of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), a ...................... that plays key roles in the regulation of lipid metabolism and inflammation.
A)Transcription factor
B)Cytokine
C)Interferon
D)Interleukin
A) Transccription factor
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor are a group of nuclear receptor proteins that function as transcription factors regulating the expression of genes.
Dendritic cells of ................... produce high levels of interleukin-10 compared with splenic DCs activated under similar conditions.
A) Colon
B) Node of Ranvier
C) Peyer's Patches
D)Appendix
Among the spore-forming component of indigenous intestinal microbiota, particularly clusters IV and XIVa of the genus Clostridium, promoted ....... cell accumulation.
A)Neutrophils
B)Treg
C)Teff
D)Marcophages
B) Treg
Studies have shown that colonization of mice by a defined mix of Clostridium strains provided an environment rich in transforming growth factor–β and affected Foxp3+ Treg number and function in the colon.
Macrophages which are located in close proximity to the intestinal microbiota develop a unique phenotype: “inflammation anergy”. Which refers to:
A)the proinflammatory profile of intestinal macrophages when they encounter microbial stimuli in homeostatic conditions
B)the homeostasis profile of intestinal macrophages when they encounter microbial stimuli in homeostatic conditions
C)the non-homeostasis profile of intestinal macrophages when they encounter microbial stimuli in homeostatic conditions
D)The noninflammatory profile of intestinal macrophages when they encounter microbial stimuli in homeostatic conditions
D) The noninflammatory profile of intestinal macrophages.
When they encounter microbial stimuli in homeostatic conditions : intestinal macrophages do not produce pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to microbial stimuli such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands.
Studies have found that TLR9 signaling induced by ....... from the gut microbiota was shown to maintain immune homeostasis by limiting Treg cell conversion in the intestinal sites.
A)LPS
B)RNA
C)DNA
D)tRNA
C) DNA
It has been demonstrated in a study that germ free TL9(-/-) mices that there is a Treg/Teff imbalance which led to impaired immune responses. These impaired intestinal immune responses were resumed in mice treated with antibiotics and were reversible after reconstitution with gut flora DNA (gfDNA). Together, these data point to gfDNA as a natural enhancer for priming intestinal responses via modulation of Treg/Teff cell equilibrium.
Mast cells represent 2–3% of ................. cells in the GI tract. Intestinal mast cells have a number of regulatory functions, such as controlling blood flow and coagulation, smooth muscle peristalsis, and permeability and electrolyte exchange by intestinal epithelial cells
A)Intestinal Crypt
B)Peyer's Patches
C)Lamina Propria
D)Muscularis Externa
C)Lamina propria.
It is a thin layer of connective tissue that forms part of the moist linings known as mucous membranes or mucosa, which line various tubes in the body, such as the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, and the urogenital tract.
Recent studies even revealed the association of specific bacterial species with the development of particular T-cell subtypes. Bacteroides fragilis was shown to induce the development of a systemic ........ response through its polysaccharide A (PSA) molecules.
A)B cells
B)Th2
C)Treg
D)Th1
D) Th1
In a study, comparison with germ-free animals reveals that the immunomodulatory activities of PSA during B. fragilis colonization. As GF mices have an immune response biased towards Th2. The colonization include correcting systemic T cell deficiencies and T(H)1/T(H)2 imbalances and promotes lymphoid organogenesis.
The intestinal epithelium, consist of a single layer of IECs, provides the primary physical barrier that separates the microbiota harbored in the intestinal lumen from the underlying sterile tissue. Aside from their mechanical protective function, IECs, though typically not classified as immune cells, also have a number of immunoregulatory roles such as the secretion of antimicrobial peptides, cytokines and chemokines. IECs stand for....
A)Intestinal Endometrial Cells
B)Immune Epithelial Cells
C)Intestinal Epithelial Cells
D)International Epithelial Cells
Intestinal Epithelial Cells
A study demonstrated a reduced proliferation rate and lower expression of antimicrobial genes of IECs was observed in germ free (GF) and broad-spectrum antibiotic-treated mice. These data suggest that the gut microbiota can condition the immunoregulatory roles of IECs by regulating the expression of antimicrobial factors.