Immunity
What are the 4 different kinds of acquired immunity?
active natural, active artificial, passive natural, passive artificial
What are some age related changes to the immune system?
increased risk of infection, cancer, and autoimmune disorders
decreased thymus function increases risk of viral infection
decrease in tcell and bcell function
imparied nutrition and physical changes decrease immunity
Define rhinitis
most common problem, inflammation of the nose
Causative agents of rhinosinusitis
virus, bacteria, fungus
What are possible treatments for sinusitis
antibiotics, decongestants, nasal steroids, fluids, irrigation
define and give an example of active natural
get an infection
i.e. chickenpox
Rhinitis is a response to an allergen, name some common allergens
mold, dust, weed, cockroach dropping, foods such as milk, eggs, nuts, and some meds
possible complications of rhinosinusitis
orbital cellulitis, sepsis, meningitis
What is epistaxis?
nose bleed, can be anterior and/or posterior
define and give an example of active artificial
immunizations
hep b vaccine, MMR, polio vaccine, etc
Common symptoms of rhinitis are...
sneezing, itchy, rhinorrhea (runny nose)
Define acute sinusitis
what symptom specific to acute sinusitis helps solidify the diagnosis?
less than 4 weeks duration, often viral but can lead to bacterial, 3 main symptoms (discharge, obstruction, facial pain/pressure/fullness)
if patient complains of teeth hurting
Risk factors for epistaxis include...
blood thinners, recent nasal/sinus surgery, trauma, nasal sprays, drug use, etc
define and give an example of passive natural
receive antibodies mother-to-baby via breast milk and/or placenta
neonate initially immune to MMR if mother is immune
treatments of rhinitis are...
corticosteroids, antihistamines, decongestant medications
Define chronic sinusitis
lasting longer than 12 weeks, symptoms are the same as acute minus the fever, causative agents (strept. pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus aureus)
Treatment of epistaxis
pinch bridge of nose, lean forward, use nasal spray to vasoconstrict, packing nose with gauze, surgery to cauterize
define and give an example of passive artificial
immunoglobulin injections
gamma globulin injection following a hep A exposure
Define rhinosinusitis
inflammation of 1 or more sinuses and the nasal passage
Diagnostic tests for sinusitis
physical exams, xray, CT or MRI
What is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
when a portion of the throat collapses on the airway, restricting or stopping airflow