Secondary 1
Obese animals tend to have more of this cell type in adipose tissue compared to lean animals
What are macrophages (specifically, M1)
The ELISA for FeLV is detecting _____; that for FIV is detecting ____
FeLV: antigen
FIV: antibodies
This is the breed of horses most affected by SCID
This is one common technique to diagnose primary immunodeficiencies
What is PCR
This biological agent can inhibit autoantibodies and may promote Treg function
What is IVIG
Selective loss of this subset of lymphocytes is seen in FeLV infection
What is CD4+ T cells
This immunosuppressive virus of dogs affects mostly 2ary lymphoid tissues as well as the thymus; bone marrow is largely spared
What is distemper
Nude mice have a deficiency in this transcription factor, also seen in rat, guinea pig, cow, and cat
What is FoxN1 - failure of thymic epithelial cells to function; may still have limited numbers of immature T cells
Azurophil granule dysfunction causes canine cyclincal neutropenia, found in this breed of dog
What are border collies
In general, this immune cell type is resistant to the effects of glucocorticoids
What are B cells
Massive trauma triggers what type of Th response?
What is Th2
This hormone produced by adipocytes is pro-inflammatory. Name one cytokine that is increased under its influence.
What is leptin. IL1, IL6, TNFa, IfnG (via Th1)
This is the most common gene disrupted in both canine & bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency. What type of protein is it?
What is CD18
Integrin
SCID in horses is 10 times more common than _____ which is 10 times more common than _______
(1) IgM deficiency
(2) AgammaglobulinemiaThis drug is a calcineurin inhibitor, directly decreasing IL2 and IFNg production by T cells; often used in combination with glucocorticoids
What is cyclosporin a
This class of toxins is produced most commonly by Fusobacterium, and can lead to reduced IgA and IgG in piglets from affected pregnant sows, susceptibility to mastitis in cattle, and can reduce antibody and C3 levels in cattle.
What are mycotoxins
The CD4:CD8 ratio changes in this direction in aging in MOST species (exception: horse)
Decreases
This primary immunodeficiency of horses typically occurs in animals >3yrs of age; it results in a b cell lymphopenia and very low levels of antibodies.
What is "common variable immunodeficiency"
This is the protein altered in SCID horses, dogs, and likely cattle, and its dysfunction prevents what from happening
DNA-dependent protein kinase - catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) - cannot form functional V regions in B and T cell antigen receptors
This drug is a folic acid antagonist; it acts to suppress antibody formation (can be useful for rheumatoid arthritis)
What is methotrexate
This is the mechanism by which aged macrophages and neutrophils are less good at killing bacteria
What is decreased ability to produce respiratory burst/reactive nitrogen species
Retinoic acid is a metabolite of vitamin A; name 2 cell types affected by deficiency & how they are affected
T cell: proliferation, cytotoxicity
NK cell: killing
B cell (IgA): homing to mucosal surfaces
Treg: maintains levels in the intestines (food tolerance)
Chediak-hagashi syndrome results in dilute coat color as well as increased susceptibility to infections and cancer. This is the gene & pathway disrupted in this disease.
What is the lysosomal trafficking regulator gene (LYST); abnormally large, fragile secretory granules in neut, mono, eos, and pigment cells.
This disease of Black Pied Danish and Friesian cattle causes thymic and lymphocytic hypoplais; most affected organ system is skin; they have normal antibody responses and zinc treatment can improve the condition.
What is hereditary parakeratosis
Name the drug that inhibits purine synthesis and the one that inhibits pyrimidine synthesis
Purine: mycophenolate
Pyrimidine: leflunomide