Disease Barriers
cells of the immune system & Immunodeficiency
skin, nail, & hair URTI, LRTI
GI, CNS, & Eye infections
circulatory & reproductive infections
Oral Cavity normal flora
bacterial composition in the mouth
Plaque & Cavities
Perio, PA, & Opportunistic Infections
100

what are five methods by which our bodies have nonspecific immunity?

physical and chemical barriers

blood and lymphatics 

phagocytosis

inflammation

fever

100

which leukocytes are the first responders and have short lived activity

neutrophils or PMN's (polymorphonulear leukocytes)

100

the causative agent of tetanus

clostridium tetani 

100

cholera is caused by what shape of bacteria?

vibrio

100

which type of bacteria causes rheumatic fever?

streptococcus 

100

tongue infection by neissueria gonorrhoeae is called:

gonococcal glossitis 

100

what are seven factors that affect the bacterial composition of the oral cavity

temperature

nutrients

oxygen

saliva

pH

host factors

microbial interactions

100

bacterial plaque forms within a _____ extracellular matrix

polysaccharide 

100

list 4 of the 9 main microflora involved with periodontitis

A actinomycetecomitans,

 P gingivalis,

 T forsythia

P intermedia

T denticola

C rectus

P micros 

F nucleatum

selenomonas

200

what are the three granulocytes in circulation

basophils

neutrophils

eosinophils


200

which leukocytes have a slower response than neutrophils and present antigens to T cells?

monocytes/macrophages

200

bacterial skin infection causing skin and mucosal lesions, more common in developing countries

leprosy 

200

how is salmonellosis acquired?

ingestion

200

circulatory infections caused by obligate intracellular parasites are called:

rickettsial infections

200

normal flora: facultative anaerobic strep bacteria is found on the:

lips

200

what is the normal temperature of the oral cavity

35-36 degrees

200

the first stage of plaque formation

cell free pellicle

200

which three bacteria are in socransky's red complex (high risk for perio)

T forsythia

P gingivalis

T denticola 

300

what are the two agranulocytes in circulation

lymphocytes and monocytes 

300

another name for antibodies

immunoglobulins

300

penicillin resistant bacterium causing caruncles, caruncles, impetigo, cellulitis 

staphylococcus aureus and epidermis

300

which form of E. coli infection is traveller's diarrhea?

exterotlxic (ETEC)

300

Rocky Mountain spotted fever is spread by

ticks

300

normal flora: ____ species and ____ species are found on the palate

actinomyces

streptococcal

300

periodontal pockets with active disease can reach temperatures up to

39 degrees

300

how long does it take for ram positive cocci and short rods to colonize the pellicle in plaque formation

1-2 days

300

what two colours of socransky's complexes are the lowest risk for perio? 

green and purple

400

which two WBC are phagocytes

neutrophils and macrophages (mature monocytes)

400

three functions of immunoglobulins

neutralize toxins

opsonize pathogens

activate the complement system 

400

illness caused by streptococcus pyogenes

scarlet fever 

400

what is the causative agent of typhoid fever?

salmonella typhi 

400

typhus is spread by ___ and ____

fleas and rats

400

normal flora: _____ species and ____ species are found on the buccal mucosa

streptococcal 

haemophilus 

400

normal oral pH range is

6.75-7.25

400

by which days do gram negative cocci begin to populate plaque

2-4

400

what is the difference between peri implant mucositis and implantitis? 

mucositis: soft tissue disease only

implantitis: infection deteriorating peri-implant bone as well 

500

___ inhibits the growth of some microorganisms by altering the environmental temperature

fever

500

Which lymphocyte intensifies the immune response and produces cytokines?

T lymphocytes 

500
viral illness that may manifest orally with koplik's spots on buccal mucosa, 

measles

500

causative agent behind bacterial meningitis

neisseria meningitidis

500

rickettsial pox is spread by

mice

500

the ratio of bacteria:epithelial cells of the buccal mucosa is

5-25:1

500

____ bacteria feeds on sugars and produces acids

acidogenic 

500

by day ___, the number of streptococci in the plaque begin to decrease

8

500

another name for dry socket

alveolar osteitis 

600

what are the three types of specific immunity 

humoral

cell mediated

acquired 

600

which conditions involve the development of antigen-antibody complexes that cause damage to tissues and organs

autoimmune diseases

600

how is chickenpox spread?

respiratory droplets

600

which type of hepatitis A occurs with jaundice?

icteric

600

neissieria gonorrhoeae is a gram pos/neg bacteria

negative

600

the ratio of bacteria:epithelial cells of the tongue is

100:1

600

two common acidogenic bacteria in the oral cavity:

strep mutans and lactobacilli
600

vibrios and spirochetes appear in plaque by days__ -___ causing gingival inflammation

11-14

600
infection of the floor of the mouth that occurs when normal flora gains access to tissues through an infected tooth. cellulitis spreads and causes swelling of the neck and chin area 

Ludwig angina 

700

which immune cell produces antibodies 

b lymphocytes

700

what type of disease is graves disease

autoimmune

700

bacteria responsible for diphtheria URTI

coynebacterium diphtheriae

700

how long before possible exposure to Hep A should the vaccine be given?

2 weeks

700

gonorrhoea often involved in confection with ___

chlamydia (trachomatis)

700

which 4 bacteria on the tongue contribute to halitosis?

porphyromonas, prevotella, fusobacterium, treponema 

700

bacteria that increases if gingival sulci become alkaline

porphyromonas gingivalis (p gingivalis)

700

gingivitis becomes clinically present by days ___-___ of plaque formation

14-21 (2-3 weeks)

700

the species responsible for the most common opportunistic actinomycosis of the oral cavity

A israelii

800

which immune cell initiates the cascade of defences in cell mediated immunity?

T lymphocytes

800

condition in which the thymus gland is congenitally missing

thymic aplasia or digeorge syndrome

800

pneumococcal pneumonia is caused by _____ and bacterial pneumonia is caused by _____, ______, _____, and ______. 

strep. pneumoniae

strep pyogenes, staph aureus, klebsiella pneumoniae, hemophilus influenzae 

800

which type of hepatitis has a longer onset and duration than hep A and is linked with liver disease?

Hep B

800

causative agent of syphilis 

treponema pallidum 

800

what is the only place stomatococcus mucilaginous is found

the tongue 

800
the pellicle is formed on tooth surface by ____ and ____ in saliva, which bacteria then adhere to 

proteins

glycoproteins

800

____ has similar microbial composition to crevicular spaces

calculus

800

candidiasis in which there is a soft removable white plaque with a red/bleeding base

pseudomembranous 
900

acquired immunity in which a person is exposed to an antigen and produces their own antibodies

natural active

900

also called Digeorge syndrome

thymic aplasia 

900

legionnaires disease is a URTI or LRTI

LRTI

900

viral infection that destroys motor neurone causing flaccid paralysis

poliomyelitis 

900

treponema pallidum is an aerobic/anaerobic _____ (shape) bacteria

anaerobic spirochete 

900

the ____ normal flora contains mostly Strep oralis, strep mitis, and some strep sangiunis

cheek

900

which immunoglobulin helps prevent bacterial attachment in the oral cavity? 

IgA
900

calculus is ___%-____% inorganic salts

70-90

900

candidiasis in which there is are smooth, flat, red lesions on the dorsum of the tongue or hard palate

erythematous 

1000

acquired immunity in which antibodies are passed from mother to infant

natural passive

1000

which treatment is given to high HIV risk patients?

pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

1000

causative agent of whooping cough

bordatella pertussis

1000

viral GI infection with rapid onset and recovery, highly contagious, transmitted via fecal-oral route

norwalk virus 

1000

a chancre appears in which stage of syphilis 

primary 

1000

the ____ normal flora is mostly strep oxalis, strep mitis, and strep salivarius mostly 

tongue 

1000

most bacteria in the oral cavity in the first month after birth are gram pos/neg

pos

1000

this cariogenic bacteria is the MOST cariogenic, requires a hard surface to adhere to, and is seen in early plaque formation

strep mutans

1000

candidiasis in which there are raised, white, non removable plaques 

hyperplastic 

1100

acquired immunity in which a person is exposed to an inactive antigen via vaccination and produces their own antibodies

artificial active

1100

what treatment is given to individuals who may have been exposed to HIV and must be started within 72 hours?

post exposure prophylaxis (PEP)

1100

a fungal LRTI caused by inhalation of spores from bird/bat excrement

histoplasmosis 

1100

herpes infection of the eye is called

herpetic keratitis

1100

how long after exposure to treponema pallidum does secondary stage syphilis begin?

6-8 weeks

1100

the two most common bacteria in pits and fissures of teeth are:

Strep mutans

Actinomyces naeslundii

1100

which two strep species are not present in the oral cavity unless there are teeth

mutans and sanguinis

1100

____ attaches to already carious lesions and contributes to caries progression

lactobacilli 

1100

mandibular osteomyelitis and acute supportive parotitis are both caused by what type of bacteria?

staphylococcus 

1200

acquired immunity in which a person obtains antibodies or immunologic defences via injection

artificial passive

1200

list four oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS

hairy leukoplakia

candidiasis

kaposis's sarcoma 

NUG/NUP

lymphoma

recurrent apthous ulcers

1200

which type of virus causes influenza?

orthomyxoviruses

1200

the type of food poisoning that involves the production of deadly nerve toxins leading to difficulty speaking, blurred vision, heart failure, respiratory paralysis

botulism

1200

the accumulation of ___ in tertiary syphilis causes CNS and cardiovascular dysfunction often leading to death

gummas

1200

_______surfaces of teeth normal flora is mostly A naeslundii, A Israeli, strep species, veiollonella, prevotella

interproximal

1200

oral spirochetes are not common in the oral cavity until what age

13 years

1200

______ is primarily responsible for root caries

Actinomyces naeslundii 

1200

viral disease involving swollen, painful salivary glands, especially the papilla of the Stenson's duct. 

mumps

1300

condition in which there are too many immunoglobulins produced

hypergammaglobulinemias 

1300

of which illness is reye syndrome a possible complication? (acute increase in pressure on the brain/spinal cord and massive fat accumulation in the liver)

influenza 

1300
which type of hepatitis is more common in developing countries?

hep E

1300

what percentage of HSV-2 infections remain subclinical?

90%

1300

herpangina and hand/foot/mouth disease are both caused by:

coxsackievirus A