Primary Immunodeficiencies
Manifestations of defective phagocytosis
What is increased susceptibility to bacterial infections
Definition of secondary immunodeficiencies
Immunodeficiencies not inherited but develop secondary to other conditions
Type 1 hypersensitivity treatment
What are antihistamines
block histamine binding to H1 receptors
Most antigenic RBC antigen in dogs
What is DEA 1
Target of Pemphigus foliaceus
What is desmocollin 1
Cell types absent with SCID
What are B and T lymphocytes
Mineral deficiencies causing decreased immune function (4)
What are zinc, copper, selenium, and iron
Release of macrophages and neutrophils are end results of this hypersensitivity
What are Type 4 Hypersensitivities
The 4 types of transplants
Autograft-> within the same individual
Isograft->identical twin
Allograft->same species
Xenograft->different species
Function of AIRE
Consequence of mutation in the Lamin B Receptor gene
What is defective nuclear envelope maturation/hyposegmented neutrophils
(Pelger-Huet Anomaly)
Disease with characteristic finding of CD4:CD8 ratio inversion
What is FIV
(mainly targets CD4 T cells)
Purpura Hemorrhagica is classified as a Type _ Hypersensitivity
Type 3
Large quantity of antigen causes the formation of small immune complexes which are then deposited in the vasculature
You are out at a farm call for an anemic mare and determine she is in need of a blood transfusion. Describe the donor that would be the best option without blood typing
Quarter Horse or Standardbred gelding
The 3 methods of T cell peripheral tolerance
Anergy -> programed non responsiveness
Apoptosis -> cell death
T-cell regulation -> suppression via T-regs
Why would a BTK mutation cause decreased immunoglobulins
BTK mutation causes defective BCR signaling which is required for B cell maturation. Without mature B cells no antibodies are produced
Cellular receptors bound by Canine Distemper Virus
SLAM and nectin 4
(expressed on B and T cells)
Explain what happens during the first exposure in a type 1 hypersensitivity
Allergen prompts a TH2 response -> production of specific IgE -> IgE binds mast cells receptors-> sensitized mast cells
Cause of hyperacute rejection of transplants
What are pre-existing antibodies
(rejection within the first 48hr is due to the presence of previously formed ab)
Explain molecular mimicry
shared epitopes of infectious agents and self, this epitope was previously not recognized in self tissues but was recognized on the pathogen now ab formed against the pathogen can also react to self
You are seeing an albino ferret for recurrent bacterial pneumonia what do you expect to see on a blood smear?
Giant cytoplasmic granules in neutrophils and monocytes
In shipping fever
Stress activates ___ axis -> increased blood __________ levels -> decreased cytokines -> immunosuppression
HPA
Glucocorticoid
Both type 2 and 3 hypersensitivities involve IgG what is the target of each?
Type 2: ab are directed against cell surface antigens
Type 3: ab are directed against soluble antigens
The driving factor behind neonatal isoerythrolysis
Exposure of the mare to the blood type of the foal causes antibodies against that blood type to be passed in the colostrum
Explain the relationship between the adaptive immune response and the presence of antigen
The adaptive immune response is entirely antigen driven, it is initiated with the presence of antigen and stops when the antigen is eliminated