Structure and Functions of Nerve Cells
What is the approximate threshold of excitation required to trigger an action potential?
-55 mV
Which of the meninges is the outermost, tough, and flexible layer?
Dura mater
What is the ratio between the dose that produces toxic effects and the dose that produces desired effects?
Therapeutic Index
Which structure in the eye changes its shape via ciliary muscles to focus light?
Lens
What is the process of destroying a specific part of the brain in lab animals to observe behavioral changes?
Experimental ablation (Lesion)
Which organelle is responsible for extracting energy from nutrients and providing the cell with ATP?
Mitochondria
Which part of the brain connects the forebrain and hindbrain and contains the tectum and tegmentum?
Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Epinephrine belong to which specific group of neurotransmitters?
Catecholamines
What are the actual receptor cells for hearing located within the organ of Corti?
Hair cells
Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction to trigger muscle contraction?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
To maintain resting potential, the sodium-potassium pump pushes how many Na+ ions out for every 2 K+ ions it brings in?
3 Na+ ions
Which limbic system structure is primarily involved in the formation of long-term memories?
Hippocampus
Which neurotransmitter is the main excitatory chemical in the brain, acting on NMDA and AMPA receptors?
Glutamate
In the visual pathway, where do the inner (nasal) fibers of the optic nerves cross to the opposite side?
Optic chiasm
In Parkinson’s disease, neurons are lost in which specific "black" region of the midbrain?
Substantia nigra
What is the term for the "jumping" of an action potential from one node of Ranvier to the next in myelinated axons?
Saltatory conduction
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for "fight or flight" responses?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What term describes the readiness or "attraction" with which a drug molecule binds to a receptor?
Affinity
Which somatosensory receptor is specialized for detecting deep pressure and high-frequency vibration?
Pacinian corpuscule
Which functional imaging method measures brain activity by detecting the consumption of radioactive glucose?
PET scan
At the peak of the action potential (+40 mV), which ion channels close (become refractory) and which ones are fully open?
Na+ channels close, K+ channels are fully open
In which lobe of the cerebral cortex are the sensory association areas located where information from different senses is integrated?
Parietal lobe
If a drug binds to an alternative site on a receptor and interferes with the neurotransmitter's action, it is called a...?
Non-competitive Antagonist (or Indirect Antagonist)
Which theory of color vision explains that we have three types of receptors, each sensitive to a different wavelength?
Trichromatic Theory (Young-Helmholtz)
What is the term for the sensory information regarding the position and movement of the body and limbs?
Proprioception