Reduced/Participle Clauses
__________ stories is one of Theo's hobbies.
a) Write
b) Writing
c) Written
d) Having written
b) Writing stories is one of Theo's hobbies.
Gerund used as a noun/subject of verb to be.
Rafael __________ cool characters on his writing sheets more often. He did my favorite Pokémon and it's simply awesome!
a) ought draw
b) ought to draw
c) ought have drawn
d) ought to have drawn
b) Rafael ought to draw cool characters on his writing sheets more often. He did my favorite Pokémon and it's simply awesome!
Recommendation in the present about a future situation.
Bibiana's song __________ during the test!
a) must remember
b) must remembered
c) must be remembered
d) must have been remembered
c) Bibiana's song must be remembered during the test!
Obligation/strong suggestion about a future situation.
If there are commas, _____ are not always necessary, don't use that.
a) which
b) that
c) which/that
d) none of the above
a) If there are commas, which are not always necessary, don't use that.
There are commas (i.e., non-defining clause); therefore, don't use that.
Sunday is the day of the week _____ my teacher takes his son to the Skate Park.
a) which
b) where
c) who
d) when
d) Sunday is the day of the week when my teacher takes his son to the Skate Park.
My teacher takes his son to the Skate Park on this day/on Sunday. (Point in time)
Texts __________ after the deadline could not be included in the writing competition.
a) received
b) receiving
c) having received
d) had received
a) Texts received after the deadline could not be included in the writing competition.
Reduced form. Passive voice.
Texts that were received after the deadline could not be included in the writing competition.
Sofia __________ her glasses so as not to have a headache when the teacher asks her to read in class.
a) have to wear
b) has to wear
c) had to wear
d) having to wear
b) Sofia has to wear her glasses so as not to have a headache when the teacher asks her to read in class.
Recommendation about the present (not necessarily a specific situation); Present Simple, 3rd person singular (she has).
Thank you for taking care of my dogs while I'm travelling. They __________ (no obligation/to take) to the park everyday because there's plenty of space for them to run in the backyard, but they love to play with other dogs, so I'd like you to take them there whenever possible for you.
a) mustn't take
b) don't have to take
c) mustn't be taken
d) don't have to be taken
d) Thank you for taking care of my dogs while I'm travelling. They don't have to be taken to the park everyday because there's plenty of space for them to run in the backyard, but they love to play with other dogs, so I'd like you to take them there whenever possible for you.
Mustn't be taken means prohibition ("Do not take them there everyday!").
A teacher is a professional _____ must have a lot of patience.
a) who
b) that
c) who/that
d) none of the above
c) A teacher is a professional who/that must have a lot of patience.
Defining clause. You are talking about a person, so use who. However, there aren't commas, so you can also use that.
This is my favorite restaurant, _____ all the waiters bring me my favorite beverage (a glass of tonic water with ice and a few slices of lemon) without me having to order it.
a) when
b) where
c) that
d) which
b) This is my favorite restaurant, where all the waiters bring me my favorite beverage (a glass of tonic water with ice and a few slices of lemon) without me having to order it.
All the waiters do this in my favorite restaurant. (Location of the waiters' action.)
Athletes __________ in the Summer Camp Olympics must arrive at least 1h before.
a) take part
b) taken part
c) taking part
d) having taken part
c) Athletes taking part in the Summer Camp Olympics must arrive at least 1h before.
Reduced form. Active voice.
Athletes who will be taking part in the Summer Camp Olympics must arrive at least 1h before.
"Excuse me, teacher. I __________ this message", Gattiboni said.
a) must to answer
b) must answer
c) must answered
d) must have answered
b) "Excuse me, teacher. I must answer this message", Gattiboni said.
Obligation in the present; modal verbs, such as must, are followed by a verb in base form (infinitive without to).
Lauren's test __________ harder as she didn't attend the review.
a) must have be
b) must be
c) must have been
d) must had be
c) Lauren's test must have been harder as she didn't attend the review.
Must: conclusion/strong belief (about something); have been: past situation (about which the assumption is made).
[She took the test on Friday. I think it was harder for her.]
"This is the book _____ has inspired me to start writing."
What pronoun(s) should you use? Can you omit the relative pronoun?
No, you can't omit the pronoun: "This is the book which/that has inspired me to start writing."
[This book (subject) has inspired me to start writing.]
"Shhhhh! The person _____ I've just told you about is here!"
What pronouns should you use? Can you omit the relative pronoun?
"Shhhhh! The person who/that I've just told you about is here!"
Yes, you can omit the pronoun: "The person I've just told you about is here!"
[I've just told you about this person (object)*.]
*Whom is the formal form of who when used as an object. Moreover, the preposition (about) must be placed before the pronoun (once again, it's much more formal): "The person about whom I've just told you is here!"
__________ strong enough, Heitor decided to go to the gym instead of attending the Halloween party.
a) Not feel
b) Not feeling
c) Not felt
d) Not having felt
b) Not feeling strong enough, Heitor decided to go to the gym instead of attending the Halloween party.
He decided to go to the gym because he wasn't feeling strong enough at that moment. Not having felt implies a specific situation in the past (a certain moment when he didn't feel strong enough).
Sophia __________ so much about her text. It was actually quite good!
a) didn't need to worry
b) needn't worry
c) didn't need worried
d) needn't have worried
d) Sophia needn't have worried so much about her text. It was actually quite good!
She worried about it – although there was no necessity. Didn't need to worry means that she didn't worry because there was no reason to.
Where are you? We ordered pizza 30min ago. It __________ (to deliver)¹ here in less than 15min. If you take too long, it __________ (to eat)² before you arrive.
¹should; ²may.
Use these modal verbs and decide which one is followed by a verb in base form (modal verb + be + past participle) or perfert form (modal verb + have been + past participle).
Where are you? We ordered pizza 30min ago. It should be delivered¹ here in less than 15min. If you take too long, it may have been eaten² before you arrive.
1Should+base form: assumption about the future.
²May+perfect form: possibility before a point in time (before the moment you arrive).
I got very sad when the house _____ I grew up in was demolished.
a) which
b) that
c) which/that
d) where
I got very sad when the house which/that I grew up in* was demolished.
*If there's a preposition, don't use where.
"I got very sad when the house where I grew up was demolished."
Taylor Swift is the singer _____ fanbase is the most annoying in the whole world!
a) who
b) that
c) whose
d) whom
c) Taylor Swift is the singer whose fanbase is the most annoying in the whole world!
She is the singer who has the most annoying fanbase in the whole world. She is a singer and her fanbase is the most annoying in the whole world.
__________ to keep my secrets, Giovana betrayed my trust as she spilled the tea.
a) Promising
b) Having promising
c) Promised
d) Having promised
d) Having promised to keep my secrets, Giovana betrayed my trust as she spilled the tea.
After she had promised to keep my secrets, she told them to other people and consequently betrayed my trust.
Some people say Gabriel __________ his hair dyed, but I think it looks pretty cool.
a) shouldn't
b) shouldn't have
c) shouldn't had
d) shouldn't have had
d) Some people say Gabriel shouldn't have had1 his hair dyed², but I think it looks pretty cool.
¹Criticism related to a past situation. (He had his hair dyed² and some people say it wasn't a cool thing to do.)
²Causative: subject + have/get + object + past participle. (He didn't do it himself, but went to a hair salon where a professional dyed his hair.)
The advice that I gave you __________¹; otherwise, you __________² this! [¹Passive, ²Active]
a) might be forget / wouldn't do
b) might have been forget / wouldn't do
c) might have been forgotten / wouldn't have done
d) might be forgotten / wouldn't have done
c) The advice that I gave you might have been forgotten1; otherwise, you wouldn't have done² this! [¹Passive, ²Active]
Might: possibility/deduction; have been: perfect form/past situation; forgotten: action (past participle).
This sentence is in passive voice: have (auxiliary verb) + past participle (main verb). In active voice, it would be: "You might have forgotten the advice that I gave you."
Wouldn't have done: used to talk about an alternative/a potentially different past – in contrast to what actually happened ("you did this").
In Brazil, even though you may vote at 16, you can't run for president yet, _____ you'll only be able to at 35.
a) when
b) where
c) which
d) that
c) In Brazil, even though you may vote at 16, you can't run for president yet, which you'll only be able to at 35.
Non-defining clause, so you can't use that. Which refers back to "run for president" (action), not to "at 35" (point in time).
[You will only be able to do this action at 35.]
For you to use when, the sentence should be something like "In Brazil, even though you may vote at 16, you can only run for president when you are 35."
In Brazil, _____ you can legally drive a car is at the age of 18. However, in the USA, where the legal age to drink is 21, you may already drive after you turn 16.
a) where
b) when
c) which
d) that
In Brazil, when you can legally drive a car is at the age of 18. However, in the USA, where the legal age to drink is 21, you may already drive after you turn 16.
This is a cleft sentence (e.g., "What I like to do on weekends is sleep a lot."), not a relative clause. It refers to a moment when driving a car is possible rather than the location where it is possible.
Tip: to simplify the sentence, you can place this adverbial phrase ("In Brazil") before the verb.
(The moment) When you can legally drive a car in Brazil is at the age of 18.
For instance: "On my birthday, I like to throw a huge party." / "I like to throw a huge party on my birthday."
Moreover, if it were a non-defining relative clause (i.e., extra information) instead of a cleft sentence, it should be followed by an independent clause – e.g., "In Brazil, where you can drive at* the age of 18, many young people don't have a driver's license because it's very expensive."
*Note that you don't use verb to be here (is at).
"In Brazil, where you can drive at the age of 18" is not a sentence/independent clause because it doesn't stand on its own, but "Many young people don't have a driver's license because it's very expensive" does.
Another possibility is the following:
Many young people don't have a driver's license in Brazil, where you can drive at the age of 18, because it's very expensive.