Inventions and Technology
What invention by John Kay sped up weaving and triggered a wave of new textile machines?
What is the flying shuttle?
The Industrial Revolution began in this country during the 1770s–1780s.
What was England (Great Britain)?
This was the first continental European country to build a railroad, in 1835.
What was Belgium?
What new class emerged from industrial factory labor?
What is the working class?
Factory workers often worked this many hours per day.
What were 12–17 hours?
James Watt improved which machine, making it more efficient and central to industry?
What is the steam engine?
This was one natural resource England had in abundance that supported industrialization.
What is coal (or iron ore)?
In the 1840s, this form of investment fell as money shifted toward railroads.
What were canals?
This system of home-based textile production is also known as proto-industrialization.
What was the putting-out system?
This 1833 British law limited child labor in factories.
What was the Factory Act of 1833?
George Stephenson is best known for perfecting what type of transportation technology?
What is the steam-powered locomotive (railroad)?
Overseas colonies helped Britain’s growth by supplying these two things.
What are raw materials (like cotton) and markets for goods?
By 1850, the world had about this many miles of railroad track.
What was 23,500 miles?
In the putting-out system, these family members usually spun thread into yarn.
Who were the mother and daughters?
This 1847 reform limited the workday for women and children to 10 hours.
What was the Ten Hours Act?
Bands of angry handloom weavers in 1811–12 destroyed machinery, earning this nickname.
Who were the Luddites?
Agriculture supported industrialization by doing this.
What is producing more food efficiently and freeing workers for factories?
Railroads linked these two key raw materials directly to new factories.
What were coal and iron?
The Industrial Revolution destroyed the textile hand-manufacturing of this country by the 1830s.
What was India?
Life expectancy for workers in Manchester in 1840 was only this many years.
What was 17 years?
What industry led industrialization at first, and which one overtook it by the mid-1800s?
What were textiles led at first, then iron and coal overtook later?
Britain had the world’s most extensive system of these, which allowed easy movement of goods by water before railroads.
What were canals?
He perfected the steam-powered locomotive in the 1820s, revolutionizing transport.
Who was George Stephenson?
This economic philosophy, promoted by Adam Smith, justified factory owners seeking maximum profit with little regulation.
What was laissez-faire capitalism?
Some European cities banned factories in the 1800s to avoid these two problems.
What were pollution and social unrest?