Industrial Innovations
This engine, perfected by James Watt, powered factories, ships, and trains in the Industrial Revolution.
What is the steam engine?
An economic system where individuals own businesses and seek profit in a free market.
What is capitalism?
This new group of professionals, merchants, and managers grew in power during industrialization.
What is the middle class?
Artificial waterways that allowed heavy goods to move cheaply between cities.
What are canals?
This waterborne disease caused deadly outbreaks in 19th-century industrial cities.
What is cholera?
This type of vessel, powered by coal and steam, replaced sailing ships for faster transport.
What are steamships?
The ideology that calls for shared ownership of the means of production and wealth distribution.
What is socialism?
Factory laborers who sold their work for wages made up this social group.
What is the working class?
The invention by Samuel Morse that revolutionized long-distance communication.
What is the telegraph?
This airborne bacterial disease spread in crowded cities and was known as “consumption.”
What is tuberculosis?
Eli Whitney’s concept that machine-made parts could be swapped easily helped speed production.
What are interchangeable parts?
When the government owns key industries but allows some market activity, it’s called this.
What is state capitalism?
These organizations were formed by workers to bargain collectively for better wages and conditions.
What are trade unions?
These British laws privatized common lands, forcing peasants into wage labor.
What are the Enclosure Acts?
Overcrowded urban housing without sanitation often led to these deadly epidemics.
What are public health crises (or urban epidemics)?
This innovation by Nikolaus Otto and later Gottlieb Daimler powered early automobiles.
What is the internal combustion engine?
This type of industrial growth occurs when governments fund or direct industrial projects.
What is state-sponsored industrialization?
This 1848 wave of uprisings across Europe called for political reform and workers’ rights.
What were the 1848 revolutions?
This extractive industry provided the coal and iron that powered industrial machines.
What is mining?
Early reformers like Edwin Chadwick pushed for this kind of improvement to prevent disease.
What are sanitation reforms?
This manufacturing system centralized labor and machinery under one roof for mass production.
What is the factory system?
The opposite of state control—industrial growth driven by competition and private investment.
What is free-market industrialization?
Early rural households combined farming with small-scale industry, a system called this.
What are proto-industrial practices?
This industry, producing cloth and fabric, was the first to industrialize.
What is textiles?
The link between disease and contaminated water was proven by this British doctor during a cholera outbreak.
Who was John Snow?