Inventions and Technology
James Watt made critical improvements to this invention, which powered factories, locomotives, and steamships.
What is the steam engine?
Workers typically labored for this many hours per day, six days a week, in early industrial factories.
What is 12 to 16 hours?
Narrow, overcrowded multi-family apartment buildings where the working-class poor lived in industrial cities.
What are tenements?
Employers favored hiring children over adults because children could be paid significantly ________ wages.
What are lower (or cheaper) wages?
The economic system where private individuals own businesses to generate a profit.
What is capitalism?
:This new machine allowed farmers to plant faster and more efficiently.
What is the Seed drill?
Coal miners often developed this fatal respiratory illness from breathing in coal dust over many years.
What is black lung disease
This waterborne bacterial disease caused frequent deadly epidemics in overcrowded industrial cities due to sewage contamination.
What is cholera?
These interviews exposed the harsh working conditions children faced in factories.
what were the Sadler reports?
Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, this pamphlet advocated for a classless society owned by the working class.
What is The Communist Manifesto?
The use of new farming methods and machinery led to a surplus of food
What is the agricultural revolution?
Because early factory machines lacked safety guards, workers frequently suffered from this type of physical trauma.
What are amputations (or loss of limbs/fingers), death?
The rapid movement of people from rural countryside areas into growing industrial cities is called this.
What is urbanization?
Young children were often tasked with climbing inside narrow flues to clear out soot in this hazardous job.
Who are chimney sweeps?
He wrote the wealth of nations and believed the economy should be controlled by supply and demand not government interference.
Who is Adam Smith?
This act created larger enclosed farm land owned by the wealthy, causing poor farmers to flee to cities for work
What is the enclosure act?
Organizations formed by workers to bargain collectively with employers for better pay, hours, and safety conditions.
What are labor unions?
Heavy burning of coal in factories and home fireplaces led to this combination of smoke and fog hanging over cities.
What is smog (or air pollution)?
Small children in textile mills could often start to fall asleep while working. This was one way factory owners kept them awake
what is Whipping?
French term meaning "let it be"—an economic policy advocating zero government intervention in business affairs.
What is laissez-faire?
he country where the Industrial Revolution first began in the mid-18th century.
What is Great Britain (or the United Kingdom)?
The proletarians were encouraged to unite and overthrow their boss. They mostly worked in dangerous conditions with low pay in these types of places.
What are Factories?
Before municipal sewage systems were created, human waste in cities was dumped directly into these
What are Streets or rivers (or local waterways)?
Children could start working in factories as early as this age
What is three?
The new social class created by industrialism made up of factory owners, bankers, and merchants.
What is the bourgeoisie (or middle class)?