City Life/Public Health
Due to extreme overcrowding, lack of sewage systems, and dirty water in early industrial cities, over 50% of working-class children died before reaching this age.
What is 5 years old?
As people moved from cottage farming to urban factories, daily life changed from working by seasonal natural light to working by strict rules governed by this.
What is the clock (or clock time)?
The "F" in F.A.C.T.S., this underground natural resource was burned to produce steam energy for heavy machinery.
What is Coal?
Unlike farm work guided by seasons and sunrise, factory workers had their entire days strictly regulated by this device.
What is the Clock (or Time)?
James Hargreaves invented this multi-spool device, which allowed one worker to spin eight threads at once and kicked off factory textile production.
What is the Spinning Jenny?
In his 1842 report, this reformer used statistical data to prove that urban filth caused disease, which directly led to poverty and lost economic productivity.
Who is Edwin Chadwick?
Charles Darwin proposed this biological principle in 1859, stating that organisms with traits best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
What is Natural Selection (or "survival of the fittest")?
Represented by the letter "A", Britain used its coastline, harbors, and these natural inland highways to transport heavy factory goods cheaply.
What are Navigable Rivers (or Waterways)?
This system replaced cottage craftsmen by splitting production into simple, repeated steps performed by specialized workers along a line.
What is the Assembly Line (or Division of Labor)?
James Watt dramatically improved this machine, allowing factories to move away from rivers and be built anywhere near coalfields.
What is the Steam Engine?
Louis Pasteur disproved the old "miasma" (bad air) theory by proving through swan-neck flask experiments that disease was caused by these.
What are germs (or micro-organisms/bacteria)?
Herbert Spencer distorted biological evolutionary theory to create this ideology, claiming the wealthy were biologically "fit" while the poor were "unfit".
What is Social Darwinism?
Represented by the letter "C", this term describes the money or wealth merchants invested into building factories and buying machinery.
What is Capital?
Factory owners favored hiring this demographic because they could pay them significantly lower wages and fit them into tight machine spaces.
What are Children (or Women)?
Thomas Edison’s invention of this device made factory night shifts possible by keeping work floors illuminated long after sunset.
What is the Incandescent Lightbulb?
Based on germ theory, surgeon Joseph Lister introduced this antiseptic spray to sterilize hands, wounds, and operating tools to stop hospital infections.
What is carbolic acid (or phenol)?
Led by Emmeline Pankhurst, this militant suffragette organization adopted the motto "Deeds, Not Words" and used direct action tactics like hunger strikes.
What is the WSPU (Women's Social and Political Union)?
Represented by the letter "S", British parliament provided this advantage by enforcing strong private property laws and protecting business profits.
What is Political Stability (or Security)?
Geography hindered this massive nation’s industrial growth due to frozen, unnavigable ports for half the year and reliance on feudal serfs.
What is Russia?
Henry Bessemer created a cheap process to blast air through molten iron, allowing mass production of this essential building material for skyscrapers and rails.
What is Steel (or the Bessemer Process)?
Emperor Napoleon III and Baron Haussmann rebuilt Paris with wide boulevards not just for sanitation, but to prevent rioters from building these and to allow easy troop movement.
What are barricades?
Marie Curie's discovery of polonium, radium, and radioactivity was revolutionary because it proved that these subatomic structures were not indivisible solid spheres.
What are atoms?
Long before factories, this parliamentary movement fenced off public lands, driving poor peasant farmers into cities to become the industrial workforce.
What is the Enclosure Movement (or Enclosure Acts)?
Following the Meiji Restoration, this island nation industrialized rapidly thanks to state-funded railroads and open sea trade access.
What is Japan?
Eli Whitney invented this device to speed up seed removal from raw cotton, unintentionally triggering a massive surge in demand for enslaved labor in the American South.
What is the Cotton Gin?