Key Terms
Transition from an agricultural society to widespread manufacturing powered by machines.
What is industrialisation?
The transfer of common land from local farmers to wealthy land owners to form large farms surrounded by walls or hedges.
What is enclosure?
What are cottage industries?
This resource was used to power steam engines.
What is coal?
The 'ideal' employees who could fit between machinery and were cheap to pay.
Who were child labourers?
Improvements in living standards, urban planning and population growth.
What were the three main short-term impacts of the Industrial Revolution?
An increase in the population living in towns and cities, driven by migration away from rural areas and natural population growth.
What is urbanisation?
A 'four-field-system' where crops are shifted around each season. Pioneered by Charles 'Turnip' Townshend in 1730.
What is crop rotation?
As a result of new machinery, skilled workers were replaced by these people who were only required to feed cotton or yarn into the machines.
Who were unskilled workers?
The steam engine helped to meet merchant's and industrialist's demands to make this quicker and cheaper.
What is transportation?
A new social class that emerged during the Industrial revolution. These people were neither wealthy landowners nor poor workers. They could afford nice items and drove the demand for mass-produced goods.
What is the middle class?
Better sanitation, running water, better health care, less disease, longer life expectancy, urbanisation.
What were the causes of population growth?
A way of producing a large number of goods using many workers and specialised machinery.
What is the factory system?
A process begun in the late 1700s by Robert Bakewell that produced stronger, larger, better quality animals.
What is selective breeding?
A machine invented by James Hargreaves in 1765 that allowed 8 threads to be spun at once and increased the supply of yarn.
What is the spinning jenny?
Energy that was eventually able to be produced by steam engines.
What is electricity?
12–16 hour days, 6 days a week.
What was the average amount of time that a factory worker spent at work?
The process of designing infrastructure such as urban settlements, open spaces, street lights, transport and running water.
What is urban planning?
Extending a country's power and influence through colonisation.
What is imperialism?
A machine designed by Cyrus McCormick in 1831 that made harvesting crops more efficient.
What is the reaping machine?
Invented by John Kay in 1733, this device made hand weaving on a loom more efficient.
What is a flying shuttle?
The first iron-hulled steam ship launched by Isambard Brunel in 1843.
What is the SS Great Britain?
The obvious winners of the Industrial Revolution who owned mills, factories and mines.
Who were industrialists?
More food created by efficient farming, mass entertainment such as the theatre, railways, mass-produced goods, telephones.
What things improved quality of life as a result of the Industrial Revolution?
A sense of pride in one's country, also the idea that one nation's culture is superior to another's.
What is nationalism?
A machine that improved the efficiency of food production by separating grain from the stalks of wheat and barley.
What is the threshing machine?
The first factories of the Industrial Revolution.
What were cotton mills?
By 1838 steam powered ships were able to cross this great body of water.
Where is the Atlantic Ocean?
A German industrialist and philosopher who wrote about the poor working conditions during the Industrial Revolution.
Who was Friedrich Engels?
Time for sports and theatre going that was enabled by shorter working hours.
What is leisure time?