Scientific Discoveries
Who developed the theory of evolution through natural selection?
Charles Darwin
What machine, invented by Edmund Cartwright, revolutionized the textile industry?
The power loom
Why did industrialization first emerge in Britain?
Britain had a highly commercialized society and a favorable geographic location.
Who developed the rabies vaccine in 1885?
Louis Pasteur
Who invented the telegraph, which revolutionized long-distance communication?
Samuel Morse
What controversial theory emerged from Darwin’s findings and was applied to justify economic and social inequalities?
Social Darwinism
What energy source powered the early looms and many other Industrial Revolution inventions?
Steam power
What economic philosophy, supported by Herbert Spencer, promoted unregulated trade and opposed government intervention in business?
Laissez-faire capitalism
What theory did Pasteur develop that explained how bacteria cause disease?
Germ Theory
What code was used to transmit messages through the telegraph?
Morse Code
What scientific breakthrough did Dmitri Mendeleev create in 1869?
The Periodic Table of Elements
What process, developed by Henry Bessemer, made steel production cheaper and more efficient?
The Bessemer Process
What was one major negative social consequence of factory growth and mechanized production?
Decreased wages and loss of skilled artisan jobs
What medical practice did Joseph Lister introduce to make surgery safer?
Aseptic surgery using antiseptics
What major infrastructure project connected Europe and North America in 1866, allowing instant transatlantic communication?
The first transatlantic telegraph cable
What did Mendeleev do that made his periodic table extraordinary and unique?
He left gaps for undiscovered elements and predicted their properties.
What company and industrialist perfected the assembly line for mass production?
Ford Motor Company; Henry Ford
How did railroads contribute to urbanization during the Industrial Revolution?
They allowed people to move to cities more easily, leading to demographic shifts and a growing labor force.
What major British law was passed in 1875 to improve public health and sanitation?
The Public Health Act
What was one major effect of the telegraph on journalism in the 19th century?
It led to the rise of national newspapers and mass media.
What was the name of the ship Darwin traveled on during his global voyage?
HMS Beagle
What group of skilled artisans protested against factory machines by destroying them in the early 19th century?
The Luddites
What major social movement arose in response to poor working conditions in factories, leading to better wages, hours, and conditions?
The labor union movement
How did Pasteurization, a process developed by Louis Pasteur, contribute to both food safety and medical advancements?
It killed harmful bacteria in food, proving bacteria could also cause diseases and infections.
How did the inventions of the telegraph and radio-based wireless telegraph contribute to globalization?
They allowed for rapid international communication, increased diplomacy, and connected different regions of the world more efficiently.