Blue
Who were the bourgeoisie?
Owners of factories, land, and capital
Who were the proletariat?
Working class who sold labor for wages
How does Marxism differ from anarchism?
Marxism wants a temporary proletarian state; anarchism wants to abolish the state immediately
Which revolution focused on textiles, coal, iron, and steam power?
1st Industrial Revolution
Which revolution involved steel, electricity, chemicals, and mass production?
2nd Industrial Revolution
Economic Liberalism, supported by thinkers like Adam Smith, advocated: A. Government control of all industry B. Workers owning the means of production C. Free markets with minimal state interference D. International labor solidarity
C. Free markets with minimal state interference
The International Workers Association (1864) was also known as: A. The Second International B. The Paris Commune C. The First International D. The Labour Party
C. The First International
The steam engine (James Watt, 1776) impacted transport by:
A. Replacing horses with faster, more powerful machines
B. Eliminating factories
C. Making textile weaving faster at home
D. Reducing the need for coal
A. Replacing horses with faster, more powerful machines
Which invention in 1804 significantly improved rail transport during the Industrial Revolution?
A. Spinning Jenny
B. Steam locomotive
C. Bessemer converter
D. Telegraph
Steam locomotive
How did Henry Ford’s assembly line change industry and daily life?
It allowed cars to be produced faster and more cheaply, making automobiles affordable for many people and creating new jobs in factories.
The Demographic Revolution of the 18th–19th centuries was mainly caused by: A. Massive immigration from the Americas B. Declining birth rates C. Falling death rates due to better food and sanitation D. New military technology
C. Falling death rates due to better food and sanitation
Luddism was a movement in which workers: A. Demanded universal suffrage B. Destroyed machinery that threatened their jobs C. Formed international trade unions D. Encouraged free trade and open markets
B. Destroyed machinery that threatened their jobs
What was the main goal of Taylorism (Scientific Management)? A. Increase workers’ leisure time B. Increase productivity through time-and-motion studies C. Reduce factory machinery D. Promote worker-owned factories
B. Increase productivity through time-and-motion studies
The Domestic System refers to: A. Factory-based production B. Home-based textile manufacturing prior to the Industrial Revolution C. Agricultural societies after 1900 D. Military industry during the Napoleonic Wars
B. Home-based textile manufacturing prior to the Industrial Revolution
Which industry was transformed by the Bessemer Process in the mid-19th century? A. Coal mining B. Textiles C. Iron and steel D. Shipbuilding
C. Iron and steel
Explain the difference between the Domestic System and the Manufacturing System.
The Domestic System involved workers producing goods at home using materials provided by merchants (e.g., 18th-century English textile spinning at home).
The Manufacturing System centralized workers, machines, and materials in a factory to produce goods more efficiently (e.g., Richard Arkwright’s cotton mills, 1771–1780s).
Why were Luddites opposed to new factory machines? Mention one economic and one social reason
Economic reason: Machines threatened their jobs and wages.
Social reason: Factory work disrupted traditional ways of life and community structures.
How did Taylorism change the relationship between workers and managers?
Managers planned and controlled all tasks, while workers simply executed repetitive motions, reducing autonomy and making work more monotonous.
How did Economic Liberalism justify poor working conditions in the 19th century according to classical economists?
Economists like Adam Smith argued that free markets regulate themselves, so government interference was unnecessary, even if working conditions were harsh.
What role did the International Workers Association play in uniting workers across Europe? Include the name of one key figure.
The International Workers Association (1864) coordinated strikes, promoted socialism, and connected workers internationally.
Key figure: Karl Marx.
Why did Marx see the bourgeoisie as exploiters and the proletariat as oppressed?
Because the bourgeoisie profited from workers’ labor, while the proletariat had little control over production and were economically exploited.
Give one example of a Marxist strategy in real life and one example of an anarchist approach in real life aka name a country or region that supported these ideologies.
Marxist: USSR under Lenin; Anarchist: Spanish anarchist collectives during the Spanish Civil War.
Name one way the 2nd Industrial Revolution was different from the 1st.
It used steel, electricity, chemicals, and mass production, rather than textiles, coal, and steam.
How did estate-based societies differ from class-based societies in terms of mobility?
Estate-based societies had very limited mobility (status fixed by birth), while class-based societies allowed movement through wealth, occupation, or education.
Explain how the Iron and Steel Industry contributed to urban growth during the Industrial Revolution.
Iron and steel production created factories, railways, and infrastructure, drawing workers to cities and fueling urbanization (e.g., Sheffield in 19th-century England).