Industrialization & Society
What are two differences between the middle class and working class during the Industrial Revolution?
Middle class was educated and lived comfortably; working class was uneducated, lived in slums, and worked dangerous factory/mining jobs
What is the definition and goal of capitalism?
Private ownership of business; goal is personal profit.
What is the definition and goal of socialism?
Public ownership; goal is equity and reducing the wealth gap.
Which class worked in factories/mines and lived in slums?
The working class
What is a labor union?
A group of workers organized to protect and improve their rights.
Why did the Industrial Revolution spread to countries at different rates?
Differences in wealth, political stability, government involvement, and natural resources.
What does "laissez-faire" mean?
Government keeps its hands off business.
Why was socialism created?
To address inequality and harsh working conditions caused by industrial capitalism.
Which class likely had education and better living conidtions?
The Middle class
Why are labor unions important?
They negotiate for better wages, safer conditions and fair treatment.
Why did France industrialize slowly?
Political and economic instability from the French Revolution and poor coal resources.
What is one pro of capitalism?
Encourages innovation, efficiency, or personal freedom.
What are some pros of socialism?
Access to basic needs, smaller wealth gap, equality of opportunity.
What causes social or economic division besides money?
Education, job type, race, gender, or opportunity
What is "reform"?
Improving law or system to fix problems like working conditions or education.
Why did Germany industrialize later even though it had coal and iron?
It was divided into separate states until unification in 1871.
What is one con of capitalism?
Creates inequality and large wealth gaps
What are the bourgeoisie and proletariat?
Bourgeoisie = owners
Proletariat = workers
Why did class tensions grow during the Industrial Revolution?
The wealth gap increased and conditions worsened for workers.
Name one major reform law from the IR
Factory Act (1833), Mines Acc (1842), Ten Hours Act (1847)
Why did the United States industrialize quickly in the 1860s?
Abundant resources (coal, iron, oil) railroad expansion, and necessity during the War of 1812.
What are Adam Smith's three natural laws of economics?
Self interest, competition, and supply and demand.
Give two reasons communism often fails.
Lack of rights, harsh rulers, no incentive to innovate, economic collapse or oppression.
How did industrialization change life in cities?
Overcrowding, poor sanitation, long work hours, and dangerous conditions.
Why were skilled workers more successful at forming unions?
They had bargaining power because they were harder to replace.