People
A British imperialist who promoted expansion in Africa and helped establish British control in southern Africa.
Cecil Rhodes
A period (late 1700s–1800s) when production shifted from hand-made goods to machine manufacturing in factories, leading to major economic and social changes.
Industrial Revolution
A strong feeling of pride and loyalty to one’s nation, often leading people to seek independence or unity.
Nationalism
A policy where a country extends its power by taking over other lands and peoples for resources and influence.
Imperialism
A massive civil war in China (1850–1864) led by a religious movement against the Qing Dynasty.
Taiping Rebellion
The practice of employing children in factories and mines, often in dangerous conditions for low pay.
Child labor
The Prussian leader who used diplomacy and war to unify Germany under Prussian control.
Otto von Bismarck
A period of improved farming techniques (crop rotation, new tools, selective breeding) that increased food production and population growth.
Agricultural Revolution
The process by which various ____ states united into one nation under Prussian leadership in 1871.
German unification
The rapid takeover of African land by European powers in the late 1800s.
Scramble for Africa
Conflicts between Britain and China over the illegal British ____ trade, resulting in British victory and unequal treaties.
Opium Wars
Organizations formed by workers to improve wages, working conditions, and hours through collective action.
Labor unions
He promoted capitalism, an economic system based on private ownership, free markets, and competition, described in his book The Wealth of Nations.
Adam Smith
A machine that uses steam power to run engines and machinery, greatly improving transportation and factory production.
Steam engine
The movement to unite ____ into one nation, led by Count Cavour (politics) and Giuseppe Garibaldi (military).
Italian unification
A meeting where European nations divided Africa among themselves without African input.
Berlin Conference
An 1857 uprising of Indian soldiers against British rule, caused by cultural and religious tensions.
Sepoy Rebellion
Laws passed in the 1800s that expanded voting rights and improved representation in Parliament.
Reform Acts
He believed capitalism was unfair and that workers should control production. Socialism is an economic system where the government or people own resources and share wealth more equally.
Karl Marx
A method of production where goods are made in large factories using machines and workers, replacing home-based production.
Factory system
A period beginning in 1868 when Japan modernized and industrialized, adopting Western ideas to become a strong nation.
Meiji Restoration
The belief that stronger nations dominate weaker ones, used to justify imperialism.
Social Darwinism
The period of British rule in India (1858–1947) after the British government took control from the East India Company.
British Raj in India
A man-made waterway in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, important for global trade.
Suez Canal
A Scottish inventor who improved the steam engine, making it more efficient and widely used in industry.
James Watt
The movement of people from rural areas to cities, often for factory jobs, leading to rapid city growth.
Urbanization
A devastating famine (1845–1852) in ____ caused by ____ crop failure, leading to mass starvation and migration.
Irish Potato Famine
The idea that Europeans had a duty to civilize non-European peoples, often used to justify imperialism.
White Man’s Burden
An anti-foreign uprising in China (1899–1901) aimed at removing Western influence.
Boxer Rebellion
Efforts by native peoples to resist colonization and foreign control, sometimes through war or rebellion.
Indigenous resistance movements