Infection

Modes of transmission

100

Person-to-person or physical source and susceptible host

Direct

200

Large particles that travel up to 3 feet and come in contact with the host

Droplet

300

Droplets that suspended in the air during coughing or sneezing

Airborne

400

Contaminated items

Vehicles

500

Internal and external transmissions

Vector

Effective prevention and control of infection

100

When bathing, use soap and water to remove drainage, dried secretions, and excess perspiration

Bathing

200

Change dressings when they are wet or soiled

Dressing changes

300

Do not leave bottle solutions open; date and discard them in 24 hours

Surgical wounds

400

Place tissues, soiled dressings, or soiled linen in fluid-resistant bags

Contaminated articles

500

Keep drainage tubes and collection bags patent

Drainage bottles and bags

Factors that influence urination

100

voluntary control, readiness, older adults (decease in bladder capacity and risk of urinary incontinence)

Growth and development

200

balances, alcohol decreases the release of ADH thus increasing urine production, caffeine and bladder irritants

Fluid intake

300

diabetes, multiple sclerosis, stroke (alter bladder contractility); arthritis, Parkinson’s dementia (interfere with timely access to a toilet); spinal cord injury or intervertebral disk disease (loss of urine control); prostatic enlargement (obstruction)

Pathological conditions

400

cystoscopy (localized trauma), catheterizations

Diagnostic exams

500

anxiety and stress, depression

Psychological factors

Urinary alterations

100

An immediate and strong desire to void that is not easily deferred

Urgency

200

Voiding excessive amounts

Polyuria

300

Diminished urinary output in relation to fluid intake

Oliguria

400

Unable to void when bladder is adequately full or overfull

Retention

500

Pain or discomfort associated with voiding

Dysuria

Nursing measures to prevent infection

100

The nurse should perform personal hygiene at least three times a day for a patient with an indwelling catheter with soap and water.

Perineal hygiene

200

To maintain the patency of indwelling catheters, it may be necessary to irrigate or flush with sterile normal saline (NS). Blood, pus, or sediment can collect within the tubing, resulting in the need to change the catheter.

Irrigation and instillations

300

Fluid intake should be 2000 to 2500 mL if permitted.

Fluid intake

400

Catheter care requires special care three times a day and after defecation.

Catheter care

500

The most important measure to prevent the spread of infections among patients

Hand Hygiene