Infection Cycle
What is infection? What are the 3 types of infections?
Infection is the presence of a pathogen (infecting agent) in or on the body that leads to a chain of events in the infection cycle. The three types are: system infection, local infection, colonization/dormant vs active infection.
What does multiple drug resistant organisms (MRDO) mean? What are some examples?
Bacteria that is resisted to antibiotics. An example is MRSA, VRE, and CRE.
What are occupational hazards? What are some example that can happen in the field of nursing and what should we do?
Occupation hazards are hazard experiences that can harm employee. Go see employee health if anything where to happen for example potential exposures happen like needle sticks, contact with broken skin. If you are punctured by something encourage bleed, and wash. If you come in contact with mucous flush with water.
What are some things that make people more at risk for infection?
At increased RISK FOR being invaded by pathogenic organisms:
-Inadequate primary and secondary defenses
-Increased environmental exposure
-Chronic disease
-Exposure to multiple healthcare workers/agencies
-Site for organism
-Lack of immunizations
-Multiple sexual partners
What are some examples of rewiring (hint there 2) and what are some rewarming precautions?
Active internal rewarming: bypass, warm IVF, warm 02
Passive external rewarming: bair hugger, warm, room/air
Rewarming precautions: BURNS, 31-32 degree Celsius (watch for VF/VT), prepare for potential intubation, monitor lactic acid, assess frost bite.
What are the six types of infection cycle?
1. Infectious agent
2.Reservior
3.Portal of exit
4.Means of transmission
5.Portal of entry
6. Susceptible hostWhat are some examples of health associated infections (HAI's)?
-CLABSI (central line associated bloodstream infection)
-CAUTI (catheter associated urinary tract infection)
-SSI (surgical site infection)
-VAP (ventilator associated pneumonia)
-HAP (health care acquired pneumonia)
-C-diff (clostridium difficile)
What should you do if you are exposed to blood? What is an example of consent source?
After coming in contact with blood cleanse, report and seek appropriate follow up. Consent source are things like HIV, Hepatitis and B & C testing.
What are some nursing intervention and outcomes?
Outcomes: patient will remain free of infection and infection will be identified and treated promptly
Interventions:using medical and surgical techniques correctly, implementing measures to support the defense of susceptible host, teaching patients about protective measure to prevent infections.
What are some interventions for hyperthermia and what are some at risk populations?
Administration of antipyretic (fever), cooling blanket, removal of clothing, ice packs, adminstration of cool IVF. Some at risk populations are older adults, young children, chronic disease/unable to care for self, rural setting.
What are the stages of infection?
Incubation period: invasion until symptoms appear
Prodromal Stage: early symptoms
Full Stage Illness: infection specific symptoms
Convalescent Period: recovery
How can we prevent MRDO?
Prevent infection, track infection, appropriate antibiotic usage and development of new drug and testing.
What should we do for potential HIV exposure and potential hepatitis exposure?
HIV: Start treatment asap, medical & psychological counseling, and HIV antibody tests.
Hepatitis: Vaccinations and anti-body testing at baseline & following
What in the brain regulates temperature and what are the normal ranges of temperature?
The hypothalamus regulated metabolism and hormones (thyroid) and physical signs of production and loss. Normal range varies for the "typical adult" range 35.9-38 (97.6-100.5) some factors are age, gender at birth, physical activity, state of health, time of the day, and the environment.
What are some medical words for decreased body temperature...what are the manifestations and causes/risk factors?
Decreased body temperature can be known as therapeutic hypothermia, which is unprotected exposure to cold, chronic conditions, alcoholism, preoperative, homeless, urban setting, older adults/children, fatigued/sleep deprivation, wet clothing. Manifestations are CNS changes (confusion, poor coordination), decreased respiratory rate, decreased blood pressure, weaker and irregular HR/pulse (EKG changes).
What are some examples of defenses against infection?
-Skin and mucous membranes
-Inflammatory response (vascular and cellular)
-Immune response (antigen-antibody & cell mediated)
What is the correct term that refers to the activities that can be done to prevent the spread of infection...and what are 2 examples?
Asepsis which refers to the activities that can be done to prevent the spread of infection. The two examples are: 1.Medical Asepsis which includes hand washing and PPE. 2. Surgical Asepsis which includes keeping objects free from organisms, surgery or sterile procedures (if touched by anything it becomes contaminated if whatever touched it is not sterile).
What should be the nursing assessment for patients with infection (think as if you are the nurse)?
-Health history, signs and symptoms, labs (WBC, ESR, Cultures->wound, blood, respiratory, urine and Vital signs).
How is heat transferred?
Convection: moving air removes radiated heat
Evaporation: loss of heat by evaporation of water
Radiation: emission of electromagnetic radiation
Conduction: direct transfer by contact
How should we (as the nurse) manage patients with these conditions? What are some special considerations we as the nurse should "keep in mind".
Management: monitor, cardiac function, electrolyte, dysfunction, temperature
Special considerations: chemotherapy, intra-op, burn injury, traumatic brain injury, post-cardiac arrest
What are some factors impacting body's defense?
2.pH levels
3.Body ability to create WBC
4.Age, birth gender, race
5.Fatigue
6.Immunizations
7.Nutrition
8.Stress
9.Invasive lines
10.Sociocultural
What are some examples of precautions that can be found within the hospital setting? What should we consider about are patients that are on precautions?
1. Standard Precautions
2.Contact Precautions
3.Droplet Precautions
4.Airborne Precautions
5.Enteric Precautions
6.Neutropenic Precautions
For our patients with Precautions we should consider that they are having social isolation they may have a loss of self esteem, sensory deprivation, visitor education and room assignments (private of cohort).
What should be the Nursing Diagnosis and Outcomes and what should the patient show you to describe they have an understanding?
Nursing Diagnosis: Deficient fluid volume, risk for infection, readiness for enhanced knowledge and acute pain.
Outcomes (patients will...): Demonstrate effective hand hygiene, identify 3 signs of infection, maintain adequate nutrition & fluid balance, use appropriate cleansing techniques, and identify 2 stress reduction methods.
What does increased body temperature mean? What are some examples? What are some manifestations?
Increased body temperature is caused by pathogen/disruption in body regulation, it is important to note that benefit means cell wall disruption. Hyperthermia and fever are examples.
Fever: hypothalamic set point changes, reactive to antipyretic medication (acetaminophen)
Hyperthermia: set point is not changed
Some manifestations are outward changes related to body regulation (flushed skin, sweating), CNS dysfunction, elevated HR, decreased BP, dry skin=LATE signs
What are the risk for imbalanced body temperature? What are some outcomes (so what will the patient do/demonstrate)?
Hyperthermia, hypothermia, and ineffective thermoregulation. The patient will report 3 measure to prevent temperature fluctuations, report episodes of chills, diaphoresis, shivering, cool skin, etc, identify 3 risk factors for hyper/hypothermia, and have a temperature between 97.5-98.6.