Infectious Disease Review

Hypersensitivity Reactions

100

Name the hypersensitivity reaction that is caused by a release of histamine from mast cells

Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

200

When histamine is released what effects will it have on the body? (Name at least 2)

Bronchoconstriction

Vasodilation

Increased capillary permeability

Increased mucus

Runny nose

If it is systemic it can cause anaphylaxis

300

If a patient is given the wrong type of blood what type of hypersensitivity reaction will it cause?

Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction

Involves destruction of a cell or substance that has an antigen attached to it by lysis or phagocytosis

Sensed by IgG or IgM antibodies

400

Transplant rejection is what type of hypersensitivity reaction?

Type 4

Delayed reaction

When a sensitized T lymphocyte comes in contact with the particular antigen to which it is sensitized

Causes necrosis

Cell mediated immune response

500

What is serum sickness? (You also need to include what type of hypersensitivity reaction it is when you answer this)

Antigen–antibody complexes form from exposure to nonhuman proteins that occur in a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction.

Immune complexes formed by antigens and IgG antibodies in the blood vessel walls

Medication

100

Name two adverse effects of cyclosporine

1. Nephrotoxicity

2. Infection

3. Hypertension

4. Hirsuitism

200

Name two foods that can interfere with the absorption of levothyroxine

1. Iron

2. Antacids

3. Calcium carbonate

4. MVIs if they contain iron

5. Sulcralfate

6. Cholestyramine

300

Name two adverse effects of tacrolimus

1. Nephrotoxicity

2. Neurotoxicity

3. GI effects

4. Hypertension

5. Hyperglycemia

400

If a patient is taking Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) for long term control of systemic lupus erythematous what are some nursing interventions/education you will advise. Name at least 1

1. Regular eye examinations (Must have done prior to, and while on medication)

2. May take weeks to months for effects to be noticed

3. Take before or after meals at the same time each day

500

A patient is taking the immunosuppressant medication, Azathioprine. Discuss at least 2 nursing interventions/education.

1. Increases risk of cancer

2. Increases risk of infection

3. Monitor CBC

4. Monitor renal function

5. Monitor LFTs

6. Monitor for abnormal bleeding

Autoimmune diseases

100

What is the characteristic rash called in a patient that has systemic lupus erythematous (SLE)?

Butterfly rash

200

Discuss some labs that maybe tested in a patient that has SLE. Name at least 2

ESR

CRP

ANA titer

CBC

Anti Ro, Anti La, Anti smith antibodies

300

Name 3 risk factors for SLE

1. Women of childbearing age

2. Sun exposure, UV light

3. First degree relatives with lupus

4. Ethnicity (Black, Asian, Hispanic, American Indian)

400

Name 3 symptoms of hypothyroidism

1. Weight gain

2. Constipation

3. Cold

4. Mental slowness

5. Fatigue

6. Severe could cause hypotension and bradycardia

500

Name the 2 different causes for pernicious anemia

1. Nonacquired: 

Autoimmune (Auto antibodies against gastric parietal cells interfering with intrinsic factor)

2. Acquired: 

Gastric surgery or small bowel resection

HIV/AIDs

100

What is HIV?

A virus that kills immune cells (CD4 cells) therefore leading to increased risk of infection

200

What is the diagnosis of AIDs?

CD4 count < 200

300

Before a patient starts antiretroviral therapy (ART) what 2 labs will be checked that will help determine overall effectiveness of the ART?

1. Viral load

2. CD4 count

400

Name the 3 routes of HIV transmission

Parenteral

Sexual 

Perinatal

500

A patient that has AIDs is at risk for this type of pneumonia that is considered an opportunistic infection

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

Hodge Podge

100

A mother that is Rh- but delivers a baby that is Rh+ will be given this medication to prevent future issues with blood type incompatibility of a future fetus.

Rhogam

200

Name 3 signs of a blood transfusion reaction

1. Lower back pain

2. Chest pain

3. Urticaria

4. Hypotension

5. Tachycardia

6. Temperature rising more than 1 degree celcius

7. Tachypnea/wheezing/dyspnea

8. Chills

300

Receiving a vaccination is considered what type of immunity?

Active artificially acquired

400

Name the three different types of lupus

1. Discoid

2. Drug induced lupus

3. SLE

500

What are some nursing interventions you would discuss with a patient that has HIV to avoid the opportunistic infections cryptosporoidosis/giardia.

Foods to avoid OR not eat until steaming hot:

Deli, leftovers, meat spreads, ready to eat, refrigerated plates