Bacteria
Name the 3 most common shapes of bacteria.
Cocci, bacilli, and spirochete.
Viruses are 1000x smaller than bacteria.
Viruses have no organelles or cell membrane.
Bacteria can self-replicate.
Bacteria can metabolize.
Bacteria are affected by antibiotics.
BONUS 500 points!
How long do symptoms of influenza last?
3-7 days.
Name 2 symptoms of active TB.
Chest pain, night sweats, fatigue, trouble breathing, generalized aches, intermittent fever, coughing, loss of appetite.
In epidemiology, what is a vector?
An organism that transmits a pathogen from one host to another.
What is a pathogen?
A bacteria or virus that causes sickness.
What is a bacteriophage?
A virus that acts as a parasite to bacteria.
Name 2 Respiratory and 2 Constitutional symptoms of influenza.
Respiratory: sore throat, cough, runny nose
Constitutional: fever/chills, body aches, fatigue
BONUS 500 Points
If someone has latent TB, what does that mean?
The bacteria is in the lower lobes of the lungs, surrounded by a granuloma, and not currently dividing.
Why do mosquitoes "bite" people?
They are inserting their needle into the epidermis and then the dermis as a way to find our blood supply. The iron and proteins in human blood help them nurture their eggs.
What is resident flora?
Bacteria that live on or in the body. We have over 1,000 species on our skin alone!
What kind of genetic material can viruses have?
DNA or RNA, double or single stranded.
What are H and N proteins and where are they found?
They are on the outside of influenza viruses. 17 kinds of H proteins, and 10 kinds of N proteins.
H allows the virus to get into cells, while N helps the virus get out of the cell when it is time to lyse.
What is the role of a macrophage in TB?
What are the symptoms of Zika virus?
Mild fever, rash, body aches.
Microcephaly (deformed head in newborns)
Name one sickness that is caused by a spherical-shaped bacteria.
Strep throat.
Pneumonia.
Proteins on the surface, envelope that acts as a "membrane," capsid that holds genetic information, and DNA/RNA inside.
A vaccine is a weakened or inactive form of a virus or bacteria.
The immune system is stimulated into action by the injection.
Then if you are exposed to the pathogen again, antibodies are ready to quickly fight the disease.
Granuloma
What is the difference between the lytic and the lysogenic cycles?
The lytic cycle immediately copies viral genetic material, assembles baby viruses, and lyses the host cell.
The lysogenic cycle inserts viral genetic material into host DNA and goes undercover while the host cell replicates. Under stress, the virus will then excise itself and enter the lytic cycle.
Clostridium botulinum has this shape.
Bacilli
Put the following in order from smallest to largest:
White Blood Cell, Zika virus, Grain of Salt, Bacterium, Human Hair
Zika virus, Bacterium, White Blood Cell, Grain of Salt, Human Hair
Explain what each part of this name means:
A/Croatia/10136RV/2023 (H3N2)-like virus
The type of virus (A,B,C)
Where this strain was found
The identification number
The year it was found
The type of H/N proteins on the surface
Explain why active TB causes such various symptoms throughout the entire body.
After granulomas form in the upper lobes of the lungs, these "cavitate" (form cavities) and the bacteria infects the bloodstream. The blood circulates to all organs thus affects all organs.
Describe two modes of entry for viruses.
Injection (only for bacteriophages). Virus latches onto the host cell, and injects genetic material directly into the host.
Endocytosis. Host cell engulfs the entire virus, which then will break down its bubble while inside the cell.
Direct fusion. Virus fuses with the cell membrane and releases contents into the cytoplasm of the host cell.