Fundamentals
What is inflammation?
An adaptive, innate immune response that brings plasma proteins and blood cells to the site of injury or illness
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function
What occurs during the vascular response stage of inflammation?
Vasodilation, increased permeability, and leukocyte migration
What temperature indicates systemic inflammation?
Greater than 101.3 or less than 96.8
Which nursing intervention helps reduce edema?
Elevation
Is inflammation a specific or non-specific response?
Non-specific
What are 3 common causes of inflammation?
Physical injury, chemical injury, and microorganisms
Which mediators cause vasodilation and increased permeability?
Histamine, kinins, and prostaglandins
What heart rate supports a systemic inflammatory response?
Greater than 90bpm
What non-pharmacologic therapy is used to reduce inflammation locally?
Ice
What suffix indicates inflammation?
-itis
How does acute inflammation differ from chronic inflammation?
Acute has rapid onset and resolves; chronic is prolonged and causes tissue damage
What is exudate?
Fluid containing proteins and dead cells
Which lab test confirms the presence of inflammtion?
ESR
What lifestyle factors increase inflammation risk?
Smoking, obesity, poor diet, inactivity
What phase of healing is inflammation considered?
The first phase of the healing process
Chronic inflammation is commonly seen in which condition?
Autoimmune and allergic diseases
What type of exudate is milky and indicates infection?
Purulent exudate
Which lab marker rises quickly during inflammation?
C-reactive protein (CRP)
Which foods are considered anti-inflammatory?
Fruits, veggies, fish, whole grains, and olive oil
What is the overall purpose of inflammation?
To eliminate the invader, remove damaged tissue, and initiate healing
What type of inflammation can cause progressive tissue damage over time?
Chronic inflammation
What forms of tissue regeneration is not possible during repair?
Granulation tissue and scar tissue (cicatrix)
What test helps identify infection during inflammation?
CBC w/ differential
What is the goal of pharmacologic therapy for inflammation?
To reduce inflammation, pain, and fever