Inflammation
Define inflammation
An immunologic defense against tissue injury, infection or allergy
What role do neutrophils play in inflammation? What are band cells? What are they involved in?
- involved in phagocytosis
-primary component of exudate with bacterial infections, acute responses
-Band cells: immature neutrophils
What are cytokines? where are they found and what do they do?
Cytokines are small proteins found in macrophages and T cells. Some are pro-inflammatory and can increase fever.
What does the kinin system do?
Produces kinins, including bradykinin, potent vasodilators and is involved in pain sensation.
What does inflammation overlap with? What are the positive consequences? What are the negative consequences?
-overlaps with immunity
-Positive consequences: restitution of functioning cells, fibrous repair when cells unable to be stored
-Negative consequences: overly severe inflammatory response, development of chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and hypersensitivity reactions.
What role do eosinophils play in inflammation? What is their function?
Defend against parasitic infections and respond to allergic reactions.
What are the three types of plasma protein systems?
Complement, Coagulation, and Kinin
Negative feedback system- what does the HPA axis do?
Releases glucocorticoids and anti-inflammatory cytokines
What role do lymphocytes play in inflammation?
-often present in chronic inflammation; most prominent when viral antigens are present; NK cells are able to kill viral cells without prior exposure.
What role do basophils and mast cells play in inflammation? What is their primary function and where are they located?
Primary function for both: release histamine
Location: Basophils circulate in blood vessels while mast cells are found in connective tissue near blood vessels.
What are prostaglandins? What are they responsible for?
Prostaglandins are lipid mediators responsible for vasodilation, promoting increased permeability, and chemotaxis
What role do monocytes play in inflammation?
-Macrophages: found in tissues; have receptor proteins that locate antigens; see 24 hours after acute response and in chronic infections.
-Dendritic Cells: Antigen-presenting cells to T-cells as part of adaptive/acquired immunity
What are the three key chemical mediators of inflammation?
Histamine, Cytokine, and Prostaglandins
What does the coagulation system do? What activates it?
Negative Feedback system- what does the SNS portion do?
Releases norepinephrine to decrease amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines
What are the three types of Leukocytes (WBC)? What are the different types of white blood cells ?
-Lymphocytes: B cells, T cells, Natural killer cells
-Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells
-Monocytes: macrophages and dendritic cells
Where are histamines found? What are they and what do they do?
Found in mast cells and basophils
-Histamine is a vasoactive amine that is quickly released and results in vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.
What does the complement system do?
produces a cascade that directly destroys pathogens and can increase components of inflammation response
Negative feedback system- what does the PNS portion do?
Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, decreases neutrophil activation.