LQTS Experts
Main finding on the ECG of a Long QT patient
Longer than normal QT interval
The chamber of the heart that is responsible for pumping blood into the whole body
The left ventricle
Cited as a cause of sudden death in young athletes, this condition is characterized by asymmetric septal enlargement
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
These are symptoms indicative of a heart condition
syncope, palpitations, chest discomfort, dizziness, dyspnea, extreme fatigue
The mode of inheritance of LQTS
Autosomal dominant
Systole refers to the phase of ________, while diastole refers to the phase of _______
contraction, relaxation
The main tool to evaluate if a patient has HCM
Main tool to monitor patients with conditions affecting the heart's electrical properties
ECG
Beta-blockers, pacemaker or ICD
The locus of the dominant electrical impulse in the heart
The sinoatrial node (SA node) within the right atrium
Condition causing reduction in systolic function due to thinning and stretching and most often linked to TTN variants
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
*TTN is also linked to HCM
Name some risk factors for ischemic heart disease
Hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and obesity
Name different stimuli that can trigger cardiac events in LQTS
LQT1: exercise (*swimming), sudden emotion
LQT2: auditory stimuli when at rest (ex: alarm clock)
LQT3: sleep
By which week of gestation are the major morphological developments of the human heart completed
8th week of embryonic development
True or false: ARVC is caused by variants in a single gene
FALSE! ARVC demonstrates substantial genetic heterogeneity (more than 13 genes)
e.g.: RYR2, PKP2, JUP
Cardiac valves can be affected by various disease processes and become pathologically _____ or ______
Cardiac valves can be affected by various disease processes and become pathologically narrowed (stenosis) or leaky (regurgitant)
These channels are affected in LQTS and Brugada Syndrome.
LQTS and Brugada syndrome are sodium and potassium ion channelopathies.
The one-way valve that allows only right-to-left blood flow between the two atria in utero and closes after birth.
The foramen ovale
Explain how ARVC leads to ventricular tachycardia
Fibrofatty replacement of the right ventricular myocardium disrupts normal electrical conduction and creates areas of slow conduction and conduction block. These abnormalities allow re-entry circuits to form, triggering ventricular tachycardia.
Type of irregular heart rhythm seen in Brugada syndrome
Ventricular fibrillation
Defect in sodium channels causes improper depolarization/repolarization