Inflammation
5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
Swelling, Heat, Altered Function, Redness, Pain
Name three kinds of Sentinel Cells and what they do
Macrophages, Mast Cells, and Dendritic Cells
When do Neutrophils appear in inflammed tissue? Macrophages?
Neutrophils: within hours
Macrophages: 12-24 hours
Name the three different Complement Activation Pathways and briefly describe how they are activated.
Classical: Antibody-mediated
Alternative: Spontaneously activated
Lectin: PAMP mediated
Name five differences between innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate: Rapid, preformed, broadly specific, induces inflammation, no memory, mediated by mast cells, macrophages, and neutrophils
Adaptive: slow (days to weeks), very specific, retains memory, responds to the detection of pathogens, mediated by lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells
How are pathogens recongnized in the body?
Via PAMPS and PRR's
When are chemokines released and what is their function?
Released after inflammation, function is to attract other cells to site of inflammaton
Name 5 ways Neutrophils participate in microbial destruction
Phagocytosis
Respiratory Burst (O2 radicals)
Antimicrobial Peoptides (drill holes in pathogen)
Lytic Enzymes (lysis)
Neutrophil Extracellular traps
What is MAC? What is it composed of and what does it do?
Membrane Attack Complex, formed by C3-9, "drills holes" into surface of pathogen results in osomotic lysis
What are Arachidonic Acid Products?
An additional contributor to inflammation/innate immunity
Vasoactive lipids cleaved from membranes (converted to prostaglandins, leukotriens, thromboxanes)
Promotes inflammation, causes pain, etc
What are some physical barriers pathogens must bypass in order to eventually cause inflammation?
Skin, Mucosa, and Saliva
What molecules do the granules in Mast Cells contain and what do they do?
Histamine: stimulates endothelial cells to release nitric oxide (vasodilator)
Heparin: anticoagulant to decrease clotting ability
Describe the differences between M1 and M2 macrophages
M1 (microbial killing): ingest and kill surviving microbial invaders, sustain phagocytic activity, promotes inflammation
M2 (tissue recovery): phagocytose dead/dying neutrophils, recruits fibroblasts to repair tissues, suppresses inflammation
Describe Opsonization
Opsin: C3b
Complement molecule found on surface of pathogens that bind to complement receptors on phagocytes
What is a granuloma? What causes it?
A lesion characterized by mononuclear cell infliltration and extensive fibrosis. It is caused by chronic inflammation.
Name the four cell types that lead to inflammation
Macrophages, Neutrophils, Dendritic Cells, and Mast Cells
Name the cytokines that lead to inflammatory response, and how they do it specifically
TNF-alpha: vasodilator, brings in infalmaatory cells
IL-1: lethargy, inappetence, and fever
IL-6: fever, initiated adaptive response
Describe 3 similarities and 3 differences of Neutrophils vs Macrophages
Similarities: made in bone marrow throughout life, squeeze through capillaries into tissues by the same mechanism, have phagocytic activity
Differences: N-multilobed nucleus while M-mononiclear, N-do not divide in tx M-can multiply and divide in tx, N- short lived: 24-48hrs M- longer lived: weeks to months
What are "soluble factors" and what do they lead to?
C3a and C5a
Potent chemokines: contribute to inflammation by increasing permeability, chemotaxis for neutrophils and macrophages
A cow has bacterial bronchopneumonia. What physical barrier did the bacteria cross to cause this? Name two cellular components from the innate immune system that will combat this disease.
Mucociliary escalator
Macrophages and the Neutrophils
Edema: what is it and what causes it
When increased vascular permeability leads to fluid leakage into tissues
Can be caused bu acute allergic reaction, ingury, or systemic inflammation
What is systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and what causes it?
A.k.a septic shock (infection/inflammation of organs), can lead to organ failure
Results from "cytokine storm" in response to severe microbial infection
What is BLAD/CLAD? What causes it? How does this affect the immune system?
Bovine/Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
Caused by integrin deficiency: neutrophils can't roll/stop on endothelium, they never make it into tx, meaning they cant phagocytose or kill bacteria
What is the genetic defect that leads to extremely low levels of or absent serum C3 called? What could be the result? Are clinical signs more apparent in heterozygous or homozygous animals?
Complement deficiency: decreased ability to opsonize and lyse bacteria, diminished B cell response
This leads to an increased incidence of sepsis and local bacterial infections
Clinical signs seen more in homozygous animals
A 5-month-old puppy, Leo, comes into your clinic this afternoon. You previously treated Leo for parvovirus infection 2 months ago. Leo got very ill, but through supportive care you were able to save Leo. The owner has brought Leo in again today because she is sure that Leo was exposed to parvovirus again and has started having some diarrhea. Name two cellular components of the innate system that will be activated?
Neutrophils and Macrophages