intro
Elie Metchnikoff
1. observed phagocytosis while observing pond water Amoeba.
2. proposed the idea that it occurs in our bodies to destroy germs!
3. won the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1908.
immunology
the study of how the body defends itself against invading microbes.
plasma
55% plasma which is over 90% water, plus proteins, nutrients, wastes, gases and ions
mast cells
- leukocytes made in red bone marrow from hemocytoblast stem cells; they are functionally similar to basophils in the blood.
- contain granules of Histamine (leukotrienes & prostaglandins) that are released as a result of degranulation
- histamine initiates inflammation
natural killer cells (NK)
- large granular lymphocytes made in the red bone marrow from hemocytoblast stem cells
- will kill any antibody-coated cell by releasing Perforin and Granzyme (Perforin enables granzyme to enter the cell, granzyme activates caspase for self destruction of the cell -> apoptosis)
innate immunity
1. inborn defense
2. nonspecific
3. involves:
a. phagocytosis.
b. physical barriers. (skin & mucous membranes)
c. physiological changes.
(1) localized: inflammation
(2) systemic: fever
infection
the invasion/growth of pathogens in a host body
blood cells
45% blood cells
- Erythrocytes
- Thrombocytes
- Leukocytes
granulocytes
- contain cytoplasmic granules
- basophils
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
agranulocytes/lymphocytes
- agranular leukocytes 20-25% of leukocytes
- made in red bone marrow from hematoblast stem cells
- associated with the lymphoid tissues
- t-lymphocytes
- b lymphocytes
acquired immunity
1."learned"
2. specific
3. involves:
a. lymphocytes.
b. antibodies.
pathogens
disease-causing microbes that have special properties enabling them to invade the body successfully
If/when pathogen capability > host defenses > infectious disease
erythrocytes
red blood cells
4-6 million/ mcL
Basophils
- 0.5-1% of leukocytes
- made in red bone marrow from hemocytoblast stem ce
- contain granules of Histamine (leukotrienes & prostaglandins) that are released as a result of degranulation
- Histamine initiates inflammation
- are functionally similar to mast cells in loose areolar connective tissues
T Lymphocyted
- mature in the Thymus by developing their own antigen receptors
- are involved in cellular immunity as the “Trained” armies of cells
monocytes -> macrophages
3-8% of leukocytes
only called monocytes while circulating in the blood
called macrophages when they leave the blood and enter the tissues
types of macrophages: "wandering" - MIGRATE to infections and phagocytize
"fixed" - phagocytize in ONE location
- Kupffer : cells of the liver
- Microglia : brain's immune cells
- Histiocytes : loose areolar conncetive tissue
- Langerhans : cells in the skin
disease
when infection results in a negative change in health
thrombocytes
platelets300-360,000/ mcL
Neutrophils
- 60-70% of leukocytes
- made in red bone marrow from hemocytoblast stem cells
- also called PMNs (PolyMorphoNuclear)
- 1 nucleus w/ 3-5 big lobes (connected by ithmus)
- 1st to arrive to site of infection (very motile)
- very phagocytic
- increased % during acute bacterial infections
- decreased % w/ many viral diseases & heavy metal poisoning
B Lymphocytes
- mature in red Bone marrow & GALT by developing their own antigen receptors
- discovered in birds - bursa of fabricius
- when stimulated they differentiate into plasma cells by increasing the amount or rough ER
WBC Count
measures the percentage of each type of WBC in the blood
Patient's Test values Reference Range
Neutrophils 60.5% 60-70%
Lymphocytes 24.3% 20-25%
Monocytes 7.7% 3-8%
Eosinophils 7.3% 2-4%
Basophils 0.2% 0.5-1%
pathology (3)
Pathology: the scientific study of disease
1. Etiology: the study of the cause of a disease
2. Pathogenesis: the manner in which a disease develops
3. Epidemiology: the study of the spread of disease in a population
leukocytes
white blood cells
5-10,000/ mcL
Eosinophils
- 2-4% of leukocytes
- made in red bone marrow from hemocytoblast stem cells
- increased % due to parasitic worm infections
- increased % indicate allergies (especially asthma)
- toxins from granules important for killing worm parasites, if release inappropriately they damage cells lining air passages -> triggers inflammation % asthma results
primary & secondary
lymphoid tissues
primary : Red bone marrow
Thymus gland
Secondary : lymph nodes
Tonsils/Adenoids
Spleen
Appendix
Peyer’s patches