State and Society
the form and function of state institutions
state structure
Enslavement, Forced Migration, and Torture are examples of?
Crimes Against Humanity
compares incomes of the top and bottom fractions of a society
Gini Coefficient
use or threat of violence by nongovernmental actors; political goal(s); fear is key
Terrorism
Shared understandings about how states will behave on a particular issue; "sets of implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors' expectations converge in a given area of international relations" (Krasner)
International Regimes
NRA, ASPCA, and GreenPeace are examples of
Interest Groups
prohibits attacks against military objectives which are “expected to cause incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians, damage to civilian objects, or a combination thereof, which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated”
Law of Proportionality
international agreement that was signed in 1997; went into effect in 2005; greenhouse gas emission
Kyoto Protocol
employs political warfare and blends conventional warfare, irregular warfare and cyberwarfare with other influencing methods, such as fake news, diplomacy, lawfare and foreign electoral intervention
Hybrid Warfare
Making international decisions by negociation and agreement between state representatives
Intergovernmentalism
The costs in loss of public support paid by leaders of democracies when they renege on a commitment
audience cost
_____ states that armed forces must distinguish between civilians and military targets in using force, and civilians cannot be deliberately targeted
Law of Distinction
a measure used to calculate GDP that takes into account that goods cost different amounts in different countries
Purchasing Power Parity
____ is typically used by forces too weak to defeat an opponent's army in open battle; no controlling territory
Insurgency
_____ are organizations that work across national boundaries but whose members are not states; proliferating
Transnational Actors
interests groups can be divided into 3 categories: seeking revenue, concerned about some aspect of foreign policy, _________
support policies that have predictable economic benefits for the group (ex:steel)
Established by the fourth Geneva Convention; lists willful killing, unlawful deportation or transfer, and unlawful confinement of a protected person as transgression
War Crimes
Pollution of waterways, air pollution, overfishing, and biodiversity loss are examples of?
Collective Action Problems
Diffusion, Intervention, and ____ can transform a domestic protest or conflict into an international conflict
The UN organ that oversees work on development and related social and economic issues
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
if adversaries make a concession, then they were forced; if adversaries make an unwelcome move, then they did so freely and with bad intentions
Fundamental Attribution Bias
By creating the ____, the international community placed a higher emphasis on human rights and reduced the sanctity of sovereignty
International Criminal Court (ICC)
Businesses in the US and Europe have access to "the cloud". Business in many parts of Africa do not have access to reliable 24hr electricity. This is an example of?
The Problem of Late Development
Human Aggression, Madmen/Megalomaniacs, Misperception, and Fog of War are all ________ Theories of War
Individual Level
In contrast to the Commission, the members of the ____ explicitly represent the governments of the member states; acts on legislation
Council of the European Union