Instrument Approach Procedures
What are the four components of an instrument landing system?
1. Localizer
2. Glideslope
3. Marker beacons
4. Approach light system
What is needed for a thunderstorm to develop and what are the stages of a thunderstorm?
1. Moist air, unstable lapse rate, and lifting force
2. Cumulus/building, mature, dissipating
How many satellites are required for RAIM?
5 for RAIM with fault detection
6 for RAIM with fault detection and exclusion
*Assuming no bard-aided altimeter
What are the fuel requirements for IFR flight?
Enough fuel to get to your destination, alternate, and then 45 minutes thereafter.
When can you log instrument time?
Any time you are flying by solely reference to instruments (IMC, hood with safety pilot, over the water at night, over an overcast layer at night)
When can you descend on an IAP without ATC direction?
When you are on a published part of an approach and are cleared for the approach
What is the average adiabatic lapse rate?
2 degrees C per 1,000'
What happens if the pitot tube intake and drain hole are clogged?
Airspeed will read accurate at altitude that the tube was clogged at, but will read lower at higher altitude and higher at lower altitude
VOT
Ground checkpoint
Airborne checkpoint
Airway
Dual
Benchtest
30 days
What are the procedures if you believe you are without radio communication?
Troubleshoot, 7600
Follow what you were last assigned, then vectored, told to expect, and then what you filed
Climb to the highest of the minimum altitude, told to expect, or assigned
What is the purpose of a TAA?
Terminal Arrival Area, allows you to descend down to that altitude after being cleared for the approach
Decode this METAR:
KGLS 201155Z AUTO 35023G30KT 3SM BR OVC 003 BKN 012 M01/M02 A3004 RKM A02 RAB30E51 SLP 152 P0002
Galveston, 20th of the month, 1155Z, automated report, winds 350 @ 23 gusting 30, 3 miles visibility, mist, overcast 300', broken 1,200', temp: -1 degree C, dew point: -2 degree C, altimeter 30.05 inch mg, precipitation discriminator, rain began at 30 minutes past the hour, ended 51 minutes past the hour, sea level pressure 1015.2, .02" of precipitation in the last hour
Polar orbiting reference location off ground reference station, info sent to master station, send packet of collected to data to uplink station, then sent to geo-stationary satellite, and finally back to plane.
Augments GPS location
What is required to descend below MDA/DA?
1. Required visibility met, 2. Constant position to land (with normal maneuvers,) 3. Runway environment in sight (ALS, REIL, PAPI, threshold markings/lights, TDZ lights/markings, runway markings/lights)
(91.175)
What does WAAS enable you to do in respect to alternates?
Without WAAS, your destination and alternate must have alternate means of an instrument approach (RNAV and LOC,) but with WAAS, both airports can have only RNAV approaches
What GPS approaches can you fly with an un-augmented GPS (non WAAS)
LNAV
LNAV/VNAV (If you have a baro-aided GPS)
(LP and LPV require WAAS)
How long is a TAF valid for, and what distance around the airport is it valid for?
24/30 hours, 5SM
Do you need RAIM to have WAAS?
No. WAAS and RAIM are 2 separate systems that are not reliant on each other.
When is an alternate required and what are the requirements for said alternate?
An alternate is always required UNLESS from 1 hour before to 1 hour after ETA, ceilings reported above 2000AGL, and at least 3SM vis, and destination has publish IAP
Alt requirements:
If precision app. - 600AGL, 2SM
If non precision app. - 800AGL, 2SM
If no IAP - VMC from MEA to touchdown
What information is required to be given at a mandatory reporting point not in radar contact?
Aircraft ID, Time, Position, Altitude, Type of flight plan, ETA to the, The next fix, Additional remarks
How do you identify the MAP? (3 items)
DME, GPS, timing
What is virga and why is it dangerous?
Dark whisps coming from clouds (rain falling but evaporating before it hits the ground)
Causes the air to cool rapidly, in turn causes massive downdrafts. Indicates possibility of microbursts
What are the gyroscopic instruments?
What are the mandatory reporting points under IFR and which ones are required?
Missed approach, airspeed +/- 10 knots or 5% TAS, reaching a holding fix, VFR on top with an altitude change, ETA change +/-2 minutes, leaving a holding fix, outer marker inbound, un-forecasted WX*, safety of flight*, vacating an altitude, FAF inbound, radio/nav failure*, compulsory reporting points*, unable to maintain +/- 500 FPM
What is the universal FSS frequency?
122.2