Foundations of Instrumental Conditioning
This scientist pioneered the study of trial-and-error learning.
Who is Thorndike?
This provides a visual representation of participant's rate of responding.
What is a cumulative record?
There are this number of events to consider in an analysis of instrumental learning.
This term describes when an organism responds similarly to two or more stimuli.
What is stimulus generalization?
A slot machine is a good example of this schedule.
What is VR (variable ratio)?
In this situation, there is a negative contingency between response and an (nonaversive) environmental event
What is negative punishment or omission training?
These schedules produce steady rates of responding without predictable pauses.
What are VR (variable ratio) and VI (variable interval)?
This assumes classical conditioning mediates instrumental behavior through conditioning of positive or negative emotions depending on the emotional valence of reinforcer.
What is two-process theory?
These are internal sensations produced by psychoactive drugs (or other physiological manipulation such as food deprivation).
What are interoceptive cues?
This allows an animal to repeat instrumental response without constraint and without being taken out of the apparatus until the end of an experimental session.
What is a free-operant procedure?
The Law of Effect is this type of association.
What is S-R?
This states that the relative rate of responding on an alternative is closely associated with the relative rate of reinforcement on that alternative.
What is the matching law?
This states that any high-probability activity can be an effective reinforcer for a response that the individual is not inclined to perform.
What is the Premack Principle?
This term describes the competition among stimuli for the access to the process of learning.
What is overshadowing?
The demand curve reflects the price of a commodity and how much is purchased. This is the equivalent term to "price" in instrumental conditioning.
What is responding?
This explains why certain responses are more easily trained than others.
What is belongingness?
These assume that organisms distribute responses among various alternatives to maximize reinforcement amount over the long run.
What are molar theories?
This is the most common technique used to demonstrate the existence of R–O associations.
What is devaluing the reinforcer?
These two approaches have been designed to determine whether discrimination procedures increase control by configural cues.
What are positive patterning procedures and negative patterning procedures.
This involves training same the response to several physically different stimuli.
What is stimulus equivalence training?
This states that exposure to inescapable shock reduces the extent to which animals pay attention to their own behavior.
What is the attention deficit hypothesis?
These allow investigation of choice behavior with commitment.
What are concurrent-chain schedules?
This term describes how an individual distributes their responses in the absence of an instrumental contingency.
What is the behavioral bliss point?
This phenomenon states that the S+, or the reinforced stimulus, is not necessarily the one that produces the highest response rate.
What is the peak shift effect?
This predicts behavior based on the net excitatory properties of individual stimuli.
What is Spence's Theory of Discrimination?