Homeostasis
Hormone that increases glucose uptake into tissues.
Insulin
Initial precursor of insulin.
preproinsulin
Ion channel closed by ATP to trigger insulin release.
the K⁺/ATP channel
Half-life of endogenous insulin.
3-5 mins
Insulin increases glucose uptake via this transporter.
GLUT4
Transporter that allows glucose entry into β-cells.
GLUT2
Intermediate molecule before insulin formation.
proinsulin
Ion influx that directly triggers insulin vesicle release.
Ca²⁺ influx
Organ that clears ~60% of insulin.
liver
Insulin secretion depends on this ratio.
ATP/ADP ratio
Molecule whose increase triggers insulin release in β-cells.
Byproduct released with insulin.
C-peptide
Effect of K⁺ channel closure on membrane potential.
depolarization
Route where exogenous insulin is primarily cleared by kidneys.
subcutaneous (subQ)
Drug class that delays gastric emptying.
GLP1 agonists
Organ where insulin promotes glucose storage as glycogen.
Liver
# of amino acids in insulin
51
Neurotransmitter stimulation that increases insulin release.
vagal (parasympathetic) stimulation
Major risk of insulin therapy.
hypoglycemia
Ultra-long acting insulin (>42 hr).
degludec
Receptor that promotes triglyceride formation in adipocytes.
PPAR-y (idk)
Type of bonds linking insulin chains.
disulfide bonds
Hormone that inhibits insulin secretion.
somatostatin
Why regular insulin must be given 30 minutes before meals?
Delayed absorption due to hexamer formation
Mechanism of sulfonylureas.
Increases insulin secretion (K⁺ channel closure)