Epidermis
Which epidermal layer contains dead keratinocytes?
Stratum Corneum
The dermal papillae
Is the hypodermis considered to be part of the skin?
NO; But is considered part of the cutaneous membrane
what cells are responsible for displaying of skin color?
How does it do this? (what does it produce?)
*Bonus: which part of the skin and in which layer would you expect to find these cells?
Melanocytes; melanin
Bonus: Stratum Basale of Epidermis
What causes this skin condition:
Erythema- occurs when blood flow in dermis increases due to _____________?
Infection or allergic reaction (causes inflammation)
what is the most common kind of skin cancer?
Basal Cell Carcinoma
What are all of the ways you can get a burn?
100 pts per given burn
Why can Epidermis only be so thick?
*Also explains why nearlt 50% of epidermal cells are dead
It's avascular (lacks blood vessels) and therefore relies on the diffusion of nutrients and oxygen from the deeper dermal layer. Stratum Corneum is dead because cells are too far for diffusion.
what component of the dermis gives it strength and aids in preventing trauma?
Collagen Fibers
give BOTH of the other names given to the hypodermis
Subcutaneous fat (or adipose tissue)
Superficial fascia
Where does this occur? (Structure, not cell)
2 tyrosine amino acids (chemically bonded by tryosinase)
Melanosome
Cyanosis; O2
What is the second most common form of skin cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma
what does it mean for a burn to be 1st degree?1st
2nd degree?
3rd degree?
1st Degree: burn reaches down to the epidermis
2nd Degree: burn reaches down to the dermis
3rd Degree: burn reaches down further into the hypodermis or deeper tissues
What differentiates thin skin from thick skin?
In other words:
What does thick skin have that thin skin doesn't?
What does thin skin have that thick skin doesn't?
Thick skin: contains a stratum lucidum (5 layers), also lacks hair but has many sweat glands
Thin skin: lacks a stratum lucidum (4 layers), also contains hair, sweat, and sebaceous glands.
Name the 2 layers of the dermis and what percentage of the dermis is comprised of this layer?
*also include which layer is deeper
Reticular layer- Deeper, thicker- 80%
Papillary layer- Superficial, thinner- 20%
State the main function of the Hypodermis
Anchors the skin to muscles and bones
what is the important secondary function of melanin?
*Important to prevent high amounts of _________ and maintain homeostasis
What is it called when a decrease of blood flow causes whitish or pale coloration of skin?; can be induced by cold or fight or flight response.
Pallor
What is the most dangerous form of skin cancer?
Malignant Melanoma
What is the Rule that determines how much of a person's body is burned?
The Rule of 9s
Put the epidermal layers in order from superficial to deep.
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale
What are each of the dermal layers made up of?
Papillary layer: loose (areolar) connective tissue
Reticular layer: Dense irregular connective tissue
Besides adipose tissue, what other types of tissue would you expect to see in the hypodermis?
The darkness of a person's skin is based on the amount of what?
amount of tyrosinase activity and type of melanin produced
NOT the # of melanocytes!!!
What is it called when melanocytes fail to manufacture tyrosinase, which results in the lack of skin pigmentation and greatly increases the risk of keratinocyte DNA damage from UV radiation.
Albinism
what does it mean for cancer to metastasize?
Give the percentages for each area of the body (Adult):
each arm (F&B):
each leg (F&B):
head:
torso (trunk) (F&B):
Genitals:
each arm (F&B): 9%
each leg (F&B): 18%
head: 9%
torso (trunk) (F&B): 36%
Genitals: 1%
TOTAL: 9% + 9% + 18% + 18% + 9 % + 36% + 1 % = 100%
Name the 5 cell types found in the epidermis
Stem cells
Keratinocytes
Dendritic (Langerhan's) Cells
Tactile (Merkel) Cells
Melanocytes
what layer of the dermis has capillaries?
which layer has blood vessels?
Papillary Layer
Reticular Layer
open ended: How does tanning work? explain it in simple terms
what is the proper term for Acne
What is the cause?
Acne Vulgaris
caused by accumulation of sebum and dead cells within sebaceous glands
put the types of skin cancer in order from most likely to least likely to metastasize
What does this mean for the detection and treatment of these cancers?
Squamous cell carcinoma- detection may prevent further spreading. Most can be treated with just Surgery.
basal cell carcinoma- Detection is important for treatment, but it's unlikely to spread so it's less of a threat. Surgery can treat it.
if someone is burned from the neck down, what percent of their Total Body Surface Area is burnt?
91%
What is the cell responsible for producing pigments which change skin color?
Melanocytes (which produce melanin)
what are the different receptors found in this part of the skin and what stimuli do they detect
EXTRA DERMIS 700
Tactile (Merkle) cells- light touch, shape and texture discrimination
Lamellated (Pacinian Corpuscle)- Vibration and pressure
What are the 2 kinds of Melanin and what color do they appear as?
Eumelanin- black, brown pigment
Pheomelanin- lighter brown
What is the proper name for a pimple
What cells and skin layer are affected by basal cell carcinoma?
Keratinocytes of the Stratum Basale
If someone comes in with both their arms burnt from the elbows down along with the front of their left leg, what % of the TBSA is burnt?
18%
which cell layer is responsible for vitamin D synthesis?
It also is the layer where melanocytes and tactile cells are found.
Stratum basale
Which layer would you expect to find Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles?
Which layer would you expect to find Tactile (Merkle) corpuscles?
Reticular layer
Papillary layer
What are the other 2 skin pigments other than melanin? what do they appear as?
Carotene: yellowish orange pigment
hemoglobin: found in red blood cells
What is the proper name for a blackhead
Comedone
Which cells and skin layer is affected by Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
If someone is burnt from the base of the neck to the genitals (including both the arms), what % of their body is burnt?
55%
What is the name of the immune cells in the skin that prevent pathogenic invasion?
What layer are they found?
Dendritic cells
Stratum Spinosum
What are the three functions of the dermis listed in the chapter PowerPoint?
Supplies the epidermis with nutrients and oxygen
Contains sensory receptors
Keeps the epidermis in place (anchor)
Give description/definition of the following melanin variations (BE AS SPECIFIC AS POSSIBLE):
Freckle:
Mole or _________:
Freckle: small spots of skin containing more melanin pigmentation
Mole or NEVUS: area of increased pigmentation due to proliferation of melanocytes rather than increase in melanin
What are small pockets (bubbles) filled with plasma and pus called?
Which cells and skin layer are affected by malignant carcinoma?
Melanocytes of Basal Cell
45%
put the epidermal layers in order from most mitotically active to least:
Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Statum Corneum
what is proper name for tears in the dermis?
(such as scarring or stretch marks)
Striae
What is the ABCDE rule for distinguishing melanoma or normal moles from other forms of skin cancer?
B: Border irregularity
C: Color, especially blue-black or a variety of colors
D: Diameter, generally larger than 6mm
E: Evolving (changing) shape and size
Can you give the percent measurements of a child's body when assessing burns?
head:15%
torso (trunk): 18% each side
each arm (F&B): 9%
each leg (F&B): 17%
genitals: 1%