Concepts
The preconceived view of the characteristics of a group held by individuals who are not members of that group.
Stereotypes
Who founded the idea of the 'cultural iceberg'?
Edward T. Hall
Edward Hall's theory of communication divides societies into two types.
What are they?
High-context societies and Low-context societies
Term for communication WITHIN one generation
Intra-generational communication
The physical space and personal distance kept between people during interactions.
Proxemics
The persistence of cultural elements in a society across time, can also be referred to as the maintenance of the traditions and social structures.
Continuity
Howard Giles
Provide ONE example of a low-context culture and ONE example of a high-context culture.
Low-context - North America, Australia, England
High-context - Middle East, Africa, Asia, South America
Term that refers to a language dying and going extinct because it is being misused.
Linguicide
Communication through physical touch, such as handshakes or pats on the back.
Haptics
Established ways of acting or cultural practices that are unique to groups in society. they have important links to the heritage, values and traditions of people.
Customs
Identify the THREE aspects of CAT
Convergence
Divergence
Overaccomodation
Verbal communication between two people is referred to as...
Interpersonal communication
Globalisation
Body movement, including posture, walking style, and general physical positioning.
Kinesics
The transmission of culture – such as traditions, values, language, symbols, cultural traits, beliefs and normative behaviour – across and between generations in society.
Cultural Transmission
Identify all SIX components of the Communication Model
Sender, Receiver, Noise, Encode, Decode, Channel/Medium.
In Japan, a key greeting is to hand over a name card rather than shake hands. What is the purpose of this in communication?
To establish heirarchy and the social superior
Communication technologies can also be used to reinforce social control. Identify which country has a 'social credit system' and which minority group is most affected by it.
China - Uyghur people
Which non-verbal gesture has two different meanings depending on culture
Western = agreement / Yes
Japanese = acknowledgement of listening
Nodding
When members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviours of another group, it may involve direct social interaction or exposure to other cultures through mass media.
Acculturation
A doctor informs his patient that he has arterial thrombosis. The patient seems elated at the news; however, the doctor does not look as jubilant.
Where in the communication model was there an issue?
Encoding/Decoding - Doctor using medical terminology
What are the barriers to effective intercultural communication?
Implicit bias and uncounsious othering
Define the THREE main gaps in intergenerational miscommunication.
1. Context-dependent emoji usage
2. Rapidly evolving digital slang
3. Generation-specific cultural references
Mehrabian's 7-38-55 theory explains how people communicate with each other. What does each percentage refer to?
7% Verbal (actual words)
38% Vocal (tone, pace, etc.)
55% Facial (body language, focus, etc.)