Learner Language
Who coined the term interlanguage?
Larry Selinker
Why do learners make random errors in the presystematic stage?
Because they are not fully aware of the L2 system.
Following Garbonton (1938), what does the gradual diffusion of incorrect forms of language in emergent and systematic stages of development entail?
First, incorrect forms coexist with correct forms and then, the incorrect forms are removed.
How do errors differ from mistakes?
While the first ones are related to an unknown system, the second ones are concerned with failures to utilize a known system correctly.
Who used the term approximant system when referring to interlanguage?
William Nemser
During the emergent stage, how do backsliding and U-shaped learning differ?
While in the former the learner seems to have grasped the rule or principle but regresses to a previous stage, the latter ends up coming back to correctness.
How does Rod Ellis define the variable competence model?
A model of second language learner development that recognizes and seeks to explain variability in terms of several contextual factors
What do errors signal?
The competence of the learner.
Who used the term idiosyncratic dialect to refer to interlanguage?
Pitt Corder
Which makes the main characteristic of the systematic stage?
The learner's ability to repair their own errors when they are signalled.
Which term does Elaine Tarone use to refer to the variable competence model?
Capability continuum paradigm.
How are errors and mistakes related to correction?
According to James (1998), errors cannot be self-corrected while mistakes can be repaired if they are pointed out to the speaker.
How are developmental changes in linguistic forms over time observable?
Through production - speaking and writing.
How is the postsystematic stage also called?
Stabilization
What causes variation in learners?
The exposure to norms.
What makes error analysis different from contrastive analysis?
The examination of all possible sources of error, not only just the ones resulting from L1 interference.
Which kind of performance can not be ignored when learner language is described?
Comprehension - listening and reading.
What is defined as the relatively permanent incorporation of incorrect linguistic forms into a person’s second language competence, which may be present in the last stage?
Fossilization
Which are the four domains of variation presented by Tarone (1988)?
Linguistic context, psychological processing factors, social context and language function.
What does performance analysis embody?
Also called interlanguage analysis, it aims ate learner’s performance with emphasis on investigating errors within the larger perspective of the learner’s total language performance, including the “positive” or well-formed aspects of a learner’s performance.