Teaching Procedures
Teaching an individual to communicate by providing picture cards to the listener.
Picture exchange communication system (PECS)
Allowing a client to control variables of the task. (Example: for homework, would you like to start with Math or Science?)
Choices
Breaking a complex skill or series of behaviors into smaller, teachable components.
Task Analysis
Reinforcing only those responses that meet a specific criterion and placing all other responses on extinction.
Differential Reinforcement
Alternative Behavior - reinforcement is provided for all desirable alternative behaviors and problem behaviors are placed on extinction. (Reinforcing completion of worksheet, talking out loud is ignored.
Incompatible Behavior Other Behavior-reinforcement is provided for behaviors that are incompatible with the problem behavior. (Ex. Reinforcing sitting when problem behavior is running around the room)
Demonstrating the desired behavior.
Modeling
Teaching or generalizing skills in the clients natural environment.
Incidental Teaching (IT) or Natural Environment Teaching (NET)
Reinforcing only those responses that meet a specific criteria and placing all other responses on extinction.
Differential Reinforcement
Using differential reinforcement of approximation to the targeted response. (Example: K->cook->cookie)
Shaping
The discontinuing of reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior.
Extinction
attention extinction- not providing attention for inappropriate attention
escape extinction - not allowing the client to escape task/demand
A higher probable behavior will reinforce the last probable behavior.
Example: (“when you’re finished with your homework, then you could play video games”)
Primack principle
Teaching an appropriate, effective, communicative behavior (AAC, sign, verbal, etc.) to replace problem behaviors evoked by establishing operations.
Functional Communication Training (FCT)
Responses are practiced in order to improve social skills, coping skills, and conflict with others. (Example: role-playing)
Behavioral Rehearsal
Clients earn tokens as an immediate consequence for specific behaviors. Tokens are accumulated and exchanged for item/activities from a menu of backup reinforcers.
Token Economy
The behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the problem behavior.(Example: Removal of recess after client engages in aggression)
Negative punishment.
Time out – the removal of opportunity to earn reinforcement after encourage the problem behaviors. ( example: loss of access to reinforcers.)
Added to increase the likelihood of the correct response. (least to most hierarchy).
Gestural, verbal, modeling, partial, physical, and full physical.
Prompting stimuli
The teaching of skills broken down into targets. Each response is controlled by the presentation of a discriminative stimulus, and provided with an immediate consequence.
Discrete Trial Instruction (DTI)
A metaphor to describe the rate of response, also used to describe the effects produced by the high -probability request sequence.
Behavioral Momentum
The use of pictures to serve as a prompt in aiding positive behavior. Pictures help the client to better understand what is expected.
Visuals/Schedules/PECS
The behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of positive behavior.
(example: removal of chores when all homework is completed)
Negative reinforcement
Reinforcement is provider on fixed time(FT) or variable time (VT) schedule is completely independent of behavior.
(example: students desk, place next to the teacher, allowing frequent attention, regardless of behaviors, engage)
Noncontingent reinforcement
A naturalistic approach based on motivation, responding to cues, self management, and social initiatives and reward positive behavior with direct and natural reinforcers.
Pivotal Response Training (PRT)
A document specifying a contingent relationship between the completion of specified behavior and access to specified reinforcers.
Behavioral Contingency Contract
Instructor completes all but the last behavior in a task, which is preformed by the client. When the client is able to complete the last step, the instructor performs all but the last two, etc. until the client is able to complete the entire chain independently.
Backward Chaining.
The behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of the stimulus that reduces the future frequency of problem behavior. (example: “no” when child engages in problem behavior.
Positive punishment
Used a written, descriptive story that increases awareness and comprehension of social situations and the appropriate behaviors.
Social stories