Terms and Classroom settings
EIPA and IEP stand for?
What is the Educational Interpreter Performance Assessment and the Individualized Educational Program?
What is the section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and its 1998 Amendments?
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in programs that receive federal financial assistance. It ensures that people with disabilities have equal access to such programs and activities.
The 1998 amendments further clarified and expanded the scope of Section 504 to protect individuals with disabilities from discrimination in various aspects of their lives, including employment, education, and other areas.
What took place at the Ball State Teacher's College in Indiana in the year 1964?
In 1964 at the Ball State Teacher's College in Indiana, a group of interpreters established themselves as an official organization - the National Registry of Professional Interpreters and Translators for the Deaf (Frishberg, 1990; Witter-Merithew & Dirst, 1982, in Seal 2004, p. 10).
What is Nida and Taber's Model?
Nida and Taber (1982, in Patrie, 2012, p. 38) present a three-stage model of translation that includes analysis, transfer, and restructuring. They write that the analysis stage is when the message is analyzed in terms of the grammatical relationships and the meanings of the words and word combinations. They describe the transfer stage as the stage in which the analyzed material is transferred in the mind of the translator from language A to language B. The transfer stage cannot be directly observed. The restructuring stage is when the message is rendered in a form that is acceptable in the target language.
_________ is the language in which the original author of a message formulated it?
What is Source Language?
What were the students' views concerning educational placement related to academic issues? (Brown Kurz & Caldwell Langer, 2004 "Student Perspectives on Educational Interpreting: Twenty Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students Offer Insights and Suggestions).
Academic reasons for appreciating time in schools for the deaf or self-contained classrooms mainly center on direct communication, easy participation, and an abundance of visually accessible learning tools. Mainstream settings generally involve increased educational opportunities and a more challenging, rigorous learning environment. This includes more elective classes, internships, Advanced Placement classes, and honor classes. Students benefit from a greater number of academic resources, a more rapid academic pace, more feedback about their progress, a greater variety of perspectives from a larger student body, and a perception of higher academic expectations (Winston, 2004, p. 13).
RID and NIC stand for?
What is the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf and National Interpreter Certification?
What is Public Law 94-142, the Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975?
Public Law 94-142, also known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, was passed in 1975. This landmark legislation required all public schools to provide equal access to education for children with disabilities. It mandated the creation of individualized education programs (IEPs) for students with disabilities and ensured that they receive a free and appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment. The law was later reauthorized and renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1990.
Educational interpreters who ascribe to a ____________ - ___________ model for their interpreting are now expected to expand their cultural learning and sensitivity.
Are educational interpreters who adhere to a bilingual-bicultural model for their interpreting expected to enhance their cultural learning and sensitivity?
What is Gile's Sequential Model of Translation?
In the two-stage model of translation, the first stage is comprehension and the second stage is reformulation. In the comprehension phase, you establish a temporary meaning hypothesis based on your existing knowledge, logical inferences, and additional research. Then, you check the plausibility of the meaning hypothesis. Once you are satisfied with the meaning hypothesis, you move on to the reformulation phase. In the reformulation phase, you verbalize the meaning of the text in the target language and ensure that all relevant information is included while excluding extraneous information. Sometimes, you may need to create more than one version.
_________ is the language into which the message is being translated?
What is Target Language?
What are the three models of translation mentioned in Patrie, 2012, Translating from ASL?
1. Nida and Taber's Model
2. Gile's Sequential Model of Translation
3. Bell's Model of Translation
LEAs and LREs stand for?
What is the Local Education Agencies and the Least Restrictive Environment?
What is the 1997 reauthorization of the 1990 amendment, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?
The 1997 reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) built upon the original 1990 amendment and made several key changes to the law. Some of the major changes included the addition of provisions for transition services to help students move from school to post-school activities, the inclusion of positive behavioral interventions and supports, and the establishment of discipline procedures for students with disabilities. The reauthorization also emphasized the importance of involving parents in the special education process and encouraged the use of individualized education programs (IEPs) to guide the education of students with disabilities.
Who is responsible for administering educational interpreting services?
The responsibility for administering educational interpreting services typically falls on the educational institution or the school district that houses a special education director of disability services coordinator at a central level. This may involve hiring or contracting qualified interpreters, ensuring that students who require interpreting services have access to them, and coordinating with teachers and staff to support the needs of students who are deaf or hard of hearing. Additionally, in some cases, there may be specific laws or regulations at the state or federal level that outline requirements for educational interpreting services.
What is Bell's Model of Translation?
Bell's model includes a detailed description for each stage of the translation process:
1. Analysis of the source language text
2. Organization of the semantic representations of the individual clauses into an integrated schema
3. Synthesis of the new target language text
________ represent the conveyance of a message from one language to another?
What is Translation?
Why is it important to know the difference between translation and interpretation?
The terms "translation" and "interpretation" are often used interchangeably, but it's important to understand the difference between the two. Translation and interpretation are two distinct processes with different outcomes.
During translation, the source message is continuously analyzed and reformulated as it is being transferred. Translation can address each process separately, allowing for the end product to be inspected and revised. On the other hand, interpretation does not allow for the source text to be reexamined or studied. Both translation and interpretation involve rendering a source message into a target language text, but only translation allows for the end product to be revisited and revised.
Peers are curious about Deaf Culture and asking you to explain it, what is this called?
IEP Meeting with those people in the room, what are those people called?
What are Culture Mediation and Educational teams?
What is the Education of the Deaf Act of 1986?
The Education of the Deaf Act of 1986 is a federal law in the United States that aims to improve the education of children who are deaf or hard of hearing. It provides federal funding to support special education and related services for these students, as well as resources for professional development for teachers and other educational personnel working with deaf or hard of hearing students. The act also emphasizes the importance of parental involvement and the use of appropriate communication modes and methodologies for these students. Overall, the Education of the Deaf Act of 1986 seeks to ensure that deaf and hard of hearing students have access to quality education and support services to help them reach their full potential.
What are the characteristics expected in the administrator of an educational interpreting services program?
The administrator is knowledgeable about hearing loss and deafness, the legal basis for educational interpreting services, and efficiently administering the program. They also provide support and professional development opportunities for educational interpreters, educators, and students. (Seal 2004, p.19).
What is linguistic, transfer, and methodological competence?
Linguistic competence involves being able to effectively and accurately work with both languages involved in the interpreting process. This includes understanding the source language nuances and being able to express oneself fluently, clearly, and confidently in the target language.
Transfer competence involves understanding the meaning in the source language and accurately conveying it in the target language. It also includes the ability to transfer a message from the source language to the target language without being influenced by the source language, and to do so appropriately in terms of style.
Methodological competence has two subcategories. The first involves knowing whether to use consecutive or simultaneous interpretation for a given setting. The second subcategory involves the ability to find relevant lexical and terminological data, or appropriate vocabulary, and to use it correctly.
_________ uses the natural forms of the target language including grammatical constructions and lexical choices?
What is Idiomatic Translations?
Why does a translator need to know the difference between form and meaning?
The translator needs to understand the difference between form and meaning in order to convey a message that sounds natural in the target language. If the translator is restricted by the specific words of the source language and simply translates those words into corresponding words in the target language, the meaning of the source text is usually lost. The translator must comprehend the meaning as conveyed by the form in the source language and preserve it while expressing it in a way that is natural to the target language. The form is represented by the syntax and grammar used in the source and target texts. It's important to emphasize that an exact duplication of meaning across language boundaries is never possible due to the limitations of each language.
_________ is a systems with sounds boost in hearing devices and devices around the room to hear everything?
What is frequency modulation?
What is the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990?
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and private places that are open to the general public. The ADA requires employers to provide reasonable accommodations to employees with disabilities and ensures equal access to public accommodations and services. Additionally, the ADA prohibits discrimination based on disability in state and local government services, public accommodations, commercial facilities, and transportation.
How should the interpreter be evaluated?
An interpreter with a certificate from RID or a comparable state agency should undergo a comprehensive evaluation. Relying on a single assessment tool is not recommended. The EIPA offers an alternative approach, using a team of evaluators and videotaped samples to provide feedback and improve interpreter skills and placement in the school program.
What is bicultural, discourse, and sociolinguistic competence?
Bicultural competence involves having a deep knowledge and appreciation of the cultures that are expressed in the working languages. It is based on the idea that language reflects culture and that true understanding of a message requires mastery of both the language and the culture it represents. My cultural competence includes knowledge of the beliefs, values, experiences, and behaviors of both the source language and target language speakers.
Discourse competence is the ability to combine ideas into a coherent and cohesive set, including the use of pronouns and connectors to formulate complete ideas.
Sociolinguistic competence emphasizes the ability to appropriately use different levels of formality or informality in language. It includes the ability to use the appropriate speech style for a given setting, such as using a formal tone for an informal meeting.
What is a taxonomy, unit of meaning, and unduly free translation?
Taxonomy is a classification system used to organize information.
A unit of meaning is the smallest piece of information that cannot be further divided but can be translated. Typically, a word is the smallest unit that can be translated, but sometimes a phrase is the smallest translatable unit. For example, an EDM (idiomatic expression) must be translated as a meaning unit rather than as a series of words. Some examples of idioms are "in the black," which means in a profitable way; "have the last laugh," which means to make someone look foolish; "have it coming," which means to deserve the good or bad things that happen. These examples demonstrate that the meaning of the unit must be correctly understood as idiomatic expressions to be translated accurately.
Unduly free translation is one that adds, changes, or leaves out information, or distorts the cultural setting of the source text. The goal of the translator is not unduly free translation, and it is generally not acceptable.
How does the development of translation skills affect the development of interpretation skills?
The development of translation skills impacts interpretation skills by enabling a focus on message preservation without the time constraints of interpretation. The translation process increases awareness of the importance of message preservation and allows for careful attention to developing skills in creating equivalence. Developing translation skills shows that the student can accurately comprehend the source message and faithfully render it into the target text.
_________ refers to full membership in a regular classroom, full ownership of the student's education by both special and general educators, and collaborative efforts among teachers and special service providers to make curricular content accessible (Brinton et al., 2000; Sailor, Gee & Karasoff, 1993 in Seal, 2004, p. 1)
What is inclusion?
What is the Federal Bilingual Education Act, 1968-2002?
The Federal Bilingual Education Act, enacted in 1968 and reauthorized in 2002, was a significant piece of legislation aimed at providing support for bilingual education programs in the United States. The act was intended to help students with limited English proficiency by offering educational programs that would help them develop proficiency in English while maintaining their native language skills. The act provided federal funding for these programs and aimed to ensure that students with limited English proficiency had equal access to a quality education. The reauthorization in 2002 emphasized the importance of accountability and assessment in bilingual education programs.
What is expected of the educational interpreter in the primary grades?
The needs of deaf or hard-of-hearing students in preschool, kindergarten, or first grade change. Their cognitive, linguistic, and social development require corresponding changes in the responsibilities of the interpreter. It is crucial for the interpreter to have a good understanding of child development and the changes that are expected to occur during these important learning years in order to perform optimally.
Several principles are fundamental to the whole language philosophy:
1. Every facet of communication (isolated speech sounds, a dramatic mime, a crayon drawing, a fingerspelled word, a written autobiography, etc.) contributes meaning in an integrated, not fragmented, way to the whole learning of the child.
2. Learners in natural environments are actively, not passively, engaged in their own learning through meaningful interactions within the physical and social environment.
3. Learning involves incorporating and integrating new information into existing knowledge.
4. Language is a tool for all learning (Seal, 2004, p. 50)."
What is idiomatic translation and illocutionary force?
Remember this text:
Idiomatic translation involves using natural forms of the target language, including grammatical constructions and lexical choices, to create a natural-sounding translation that preserves the meaning of the source text. The goal of idiomatic translation is to achieve this naturalness.
The illocutionary force of a message conveys the intent or mood of the speaker. The form of the message reveals the illocutionary force. For example, if the utterance is in the form of a command, it has a different meaning than if it is in the form of a question. The word "Go!" has a different meaning than if it is in the form of a question, "Go?". The three broad categories of statements - commands, or questions - include most examples of illocutionary force.
What is Process and Product?
The process of translation or interpretation is mostly unseen. It involves listening, analyzing, and transferring the meaning from one language to another within your mind. The end result, which is the message conveyed in the target language, is the observable outcome of this process. This process cannot be recorded or observed by another person; it can only be understood through introspection. Interpreters gain insight into their own process and make adjustments based on this insight.
How does studying a model of translation help you?
It's useful to have a framework for describing the different stages of the translator's thought process during translation. While translation isn't strictly linear, it's helpful to have a way to discuss each stage and how to approach the tasks within it. Identifying where the translation process encounters difficulties can help students focus on specific aspects of the process.