Brain Basics
What is a neuron?
The basic functional unit that sends impulses
What is the first thing to change with neuro deterioration?
Level of consciousness
What is normal ICP range?
1-15mmHg
What is a late sign of increased ICP?
Cushing's triad
What is a sign of increased ICP in infants?
Bulging soft spots
What is the occipital lobe?
The brain lobe that controls vision
GCS score indicating coma
<8
What ICP level is considered an emergency?
20mmHg
What are the 3 components of Cushing's triad?
*widened pulse pressure
*bradycardia
*irregular respirations
At what age does the posterior fontanel close?
Around 2 months
What is the cerebellum?
The structure that controls balance and coordination
What are two components of consciousness?
Arousal and cognition
What is the Monro-Kellie hypothesis?
That brain, blood, and CSF must balance in the skull
What type of fluid is used for increased ICP?
Isotonic (normal saline)
What is the most common cause of increase ICP in older adult?
Falls
What does the brainstem control?
HR, BP, RR, and reflexes
What is decorticate?
Posturing with arms flexed inward
What happens when compensation fails?
ICP increases
What medication pulls fluid out of brain tissue?
Mannitol
(osmotic diuretic)
What is the first priority in neuro assessments?
LOC
What is the thalamus?
Receives signals and directs them to the correct area of the brain. Major relay station for sensory information (touch, pain, temperature, hearing, vision)
What is decerebrate?
Posturing with rigid extension and worse prognosis
What is a way to temporarily reduce ICP by lowering CO2?
Hyperventilation
What does no brainstem reflexes and no EEG activity indicate?
Brain death
What population has a higher risk of stroke due to increased ICP?
Pregnant women