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What are the 6 main parts of a cheek cell?
1. nucleus
2. cytoplasm
3. mitochondria
4. cell membrane
5. golgi apparatus
6. endoplasmic reticulum
How many µL are in a mL?
1000 µL = 1 mL
What are the 10 steps to micropipetting correctly?
1. Choose the right micropipette for the volume you need to measure
2. Set the volume by turning the dial to the desired amount.
3. Attach a clean disposable tip firmly onto the micropipette.
4. Press the plunger to the first stop
5. Immerse about half the tip into the liquid without touching the sides or bottom of the container.
6. Slowly release the plunger to draw the liquid up into the tip.
7. Move the tip to the receiving container.
8. Press the plunger past the first stop to the second stop to fully dispense the liquid.
9. Remove the tip from the liquid while keeping the plunger pressed.
10. Release the plunger and eject the tip into a waste container using the ejector button.
Who discovered the structure of the double helix of DNA?
James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953
What are the three types of micropipettes?
p20, p200, & p1000
What are the main parts of a micropipette?
1. Plunger button — the top button you press to draw up and dispense liquid.
2. Volume adjustment dial — lets you set the desired volume to pipette.
3. Volume display — shows the current volume setting.
4. Tip ejector button — used to eject the disposable tip after use.
5. Shaft (or nozzle) — the narrow part at the bottom where the disposable tip attaches.
What are the full steps (in order) to the process of DNA extraction for cheek cells?
1. Collecting epithelial cheek cells (chew the insides of cheeks, swish water, then spit out water)
2. Lysing the cells (use a lysis buffer [contains detergent that dissolves oil-based molecules] to "break open the cell membrane of the cells)
3. Use protease to break down other proteins (protease [an enzyme that "digests" proteins] breaks the peptide bonds between amino acids, isolating the DNA)
4. Making DNA insoluble (add salt to neutralize the charge in DNA, causing it to aggregate and clump together in the solution)
5. Precipitate the DNA (add cold alcohol to the mixture, as DNA is less soluble in alcohol than water, and as a result of the salt and alcohol, it aggregates together in visible white clumps in between the layers)
Order of window (top to bottom) for p20:
tens
ones
tenths
What are the full steps (in order) to the process of DNA extraction for strawberry cells?
1. Collecting strawberry sample (mash or crush fresh strawberries to break open some cells and expose the inside).
2. Lysing the cells (add a lysis solution containing detergent to break down the cell membranes and nuclear membranes, releasing the DNA into the solution).
3. Breaking down proteins (add protease or meat tenderizer enzyme to digest proteins that are bound to the DNA, freeing the DNA strands).
4. Neutralizing DNA charge (add salt to neutralize the negative charges on the DNA, helping it clump together).
5. Precipitating the DNA (slowly add cold alcohol, such as ethanol or isopropanol, which causes the DNA to become insoluble and form visible white strands or clumps).
Order of window (top to bottom) for p200:
hundreds
tens
ones
What does DNA look like when extracted?
DNA takes the form of tiny white clumps.
Order of window (top to bottom) for p1000:
Thousands
Hundreds
Tens