Emotions
Three components of emotions
Physiological Arousal – SNS Activation (pounding heart beat, sweaty palms, cold hands and feet)
Expressive Behaviors- quickening your pace or moving towards a more populated area
Conscious Experience- “oh, is there a t-rex behind me?”
Power & Dagleish's Goal-based basic emotion approach
Schematic Propositional Analogue Associative Representation Systems (SPAARS)
Existential Theory
Proposes that emotions are conscious acts
We choose to feel a certain way and can change our perceptions
Must take responsibility for how we conceptualize the world
Examples of Clinical Tools for Emotion work
-DBT
-Biofeedback
What are the necessary and sufficient components of an emotion?
An event
The interpretation of the event
The appraisal of the interpretation, which causes both physiological change and an action potential
Definition of Emotion
A mind and body’s integrated response to a stimulus of some kind. Emotions involve physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.
P & D Two Main Routes
The Appraisal Route & The Direct Access (Automatic) Route
Two Factor Theory
Both, environment and your thought process influence emotional experience
What system did Eckman & Friesen create?
Facial Action Coding System (FACS)
Currently used by the FBI and other federal agencies to detect lying
Eg lasts longer than 10 secs
Surprise after emotion
No wrinkle in eyes when smiling
Showed that manipulating face muscles can change emotion
What distinguishes an emotion from a non-emotion?
Emotions- the appraisal is always about the interpretation
Sensations (e.g., pain)- the appraisal is always about a real or imagined bodily stimulus
So, if Susan was attacked by a bear (the event), she would have an emotion (fear) based on her appraisal of her thoughts about the bear (“He is going to eat me!”) and pain based on her appraisal of her injury (“It’s really bleeding a lot!”).
What are short flashes of emotions called?
Microexpressions
Definition of P & D's Two Routes
The Appraisal Route- includes (conscious or unconscious) effortful processing and interpretation of an event as goal relevant
The Direct Access (Automatic) Route- innate routes used early in development (before experience has transformed them to full emotions) and later in development for emotional reactions that no longer require effortful processing.
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory
To experience emotion one must:
1) be physically aroused
2) cognitively label the arousal
Who was one of the first theorists to link emotion to physiological states and proposed that love, rage, and other emotions are closely tied to early experiences related to hunger and the need to escape pain?
Freud
What distinguishes one emotion from another?
The distinctions between emotions are a function of the appraisals that are associated with them.
EXAMPLES:
anger is associated with an appraisal of some form of insult
fear with an appraisal of threat
sadness with an appraisal of loss
What are the six basic emotions?
- happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, anger, and disgust/contempt
According to P & D, how many emotions are there?
P&D argue that it is not useful, and may not be possible, to try to assign a number to types of emotions, though they suggest that it may be possible to estimate based on a socio-linguistic analysis of emotions in a language
James-Lange Theory
Our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
Ex: You are sad because you are crying
What is the appraisal linked to sadness?
Loss or failure (actual or possible) of valued role or goal
What is the difference between, and the relationship of, the so-called normal emotions (order) and the emotional disorders (disorder)?
The emotional process is the same in both normal and disordered experiences.
Sometimes appraisals are very difficult to change, and sometimes emotions persist even though a person does not truly “believe” their automatic appraisal
What emotion does P & D argue against?
Surprise
without them they have no functionality
we need them for greater speed in some situations and the need to communicate our evaluations to others
Cannon-Bard Theory
An emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers 1)physiological responses
2)subjective experience of emotions.
This processes occur separately but simultaneously.
What is the appraisal linked to fear?
Physical or social threat to self or valued role or goal
What are the 3 jobs of emotions?
Communication, Motivation and Validation