Consonants
The three components needed for a standard articulatory description of a consonant sound
What are voicing, manner of articulation, and place of articulation?
The basic unit of phonology; these create contrast between words
What is a phoneme?
The 4-part articulatory descriptions of a vowel sound
What is tongue height, tongue advancement, roundedness, and tenseness/laxness
Objective descriptions of a speaker's (or group of speakers') knowledge of a given language based on their usage of that language in practice
What is descriptive grammar?
The most basic unit in morphological analysis--said to be the smallest meaningful unit of linguistic structure
What is the morpheme?
The articulatory description of the sound [t]
What is 'voiceless alveolar stop'?
When a speaker pronounces the word /hæmstɛɹ / as [hæmpstɛɹ], they are exhibiting this phonological process
What is insertion?
This aspect of articulation most strongly distinguishes vowels from consonants
What is constriction of oral airflow?
This type of grammar describes invented rules for the "proper" or "correct" way to speak a language
Prescriptive grammar
A morpheme that cannot stand on its own as a word
What is a bound morpheme?
(e.g. the affix de- in 'deconstruct')
The two liquid consonants in English
What are the alveolar lateral liquid and the alveolar retroflex liquid [l, ɹ ]?
The branch of phonology that deals with the language-specific rules for the ordering of sounds within a syllable, i.e. "In English, words cannot begin with the consonant cluster [ts]"
What is phonotactics?
This term describes a vowel sound that involves moving quickly from one vowel articulation to another within the space of a single syllable
What is a diphthong?
The observable use of language. The actualization of one’s linguistic competence
What is (linguistic) performance?
This type of affix causes a change in meaning or part of speech in the root/stem, e.g. adding -ful to change the noun 'care' into the adjective 'careful.'
What is a derivational affix?
These sounds make up the subtype* of approximants sometimes also known as "semi-vowels"
*(Remember that approximants includes glides and liquids)
What are glides? [w̥, w, j]
The natural class represented by the following sounds:
[d, b, g]
What are voiced (oral) stops?
[i, u]
The sounds shown here form this natural class of English vowels
What are high tense vowels?
The term for the unconscious knowledge that a speaker has about their native language
Competence
The root of the verb 'to drink' has the form [dɹɪŋk]. To get the past tense, we produce the form [dɹæŋk], which is an example of this kind of morphological process
What is alternation?