Study Those Terms
A statement that can be inferred directly from another statement.
What is an immediate inference?
A statement that refers to a single person or thing. (Ex: John is a mailman.) Translate to categorical form.
What is a singular statement? Translation: All John is a mailman.
A word, often a relative pronoun or adverb, that refers to a broad range of things or times. (Ex: whoever, whatever, wherever, etc.)
What is an inclusive?
A word that sets boundaries, referring only to a limited class of things. (Ex: Only, unless, except, etc.)
What is an exclusive word?
An argument in which a statement is unstated and assumed. (a syllogism with one assumed statement)
What is an enthymeme?
A statement that reverses the subject and the predicate. (Only valid for E and I statements) (Ex: "No S are P" = "No P are S")
What is the converse of a statement?
A statement that can be translated as universal or particular, depending on the statement's meaning. (Ex: Dogs ate my homework.) Translate to categorical form.
What is an indefinite statement? Translation: Some dogs were eaters of my homework.
Translate: You should eat whatever your mother feeds you.
All things your mother feeds you are things you should eat.
Translate: Only the good die young.
All people who die young are good people.
What is the missing premise in this syllogism?
All invited persons are eighth-graders.
( )
Therefore, no you are invited persons.
No you are eighth-graders.
A statement of opposite quality with a negated predicate. (Ex: "All S is P" = "No S is non-P")
What is the obverse of a statement?
A statement that uses "if...then..." language. (Ex: If you like chocolate, you will love this cake.) Translate to categorical form.
What is a hypothetical statement? Translation: All chocolate likers will be lovers of this cake.
Translate: Whenever two or more of you are gathered in my name, there I will be with you.
All times that two or more of you are gathered in my name are times that I will be with you.
Translate: The plants will die unless you water them.
All the plants you do not water are the plants that will die.
or
All the plants that do not die are the plants you water.
Translate this enthymeme into a standard-form syllogism:
Some young people are not rebels, since not everyone rebels as a teenager.
Some teenagers are not rebels.
(All teenagers are young people.)
Therefore, some young people are not rebels.
The set of all terms not included in the given term. (Ex: Change "P" to "non-P")
What is the complement of a term?
Translate this statement into categorical form: If you sin then you are a lawbreaker.
What is, "All sinners are lawbreakers."?
Translate: God does whatever He pleases.
All things He pleases are things God does.
Translate: Only the strong survive.
All survivors are the strong.
or
All surviving people are strong people.
Translate this enthymeme into a standard-form syllogism:
Every mistake is a doorway to learning, so mistakes should never be ignored.
(No doors to learning are things to ignore.)
All mistakes are doors to learning.
Therefore, no mistakes are things to ignore.
A statement that reverses and negates both the subject and the predicate of the original statement. (Only valid for A and O statements.) (Ex: "All S is P" = "All non-P is non-S")
Translate this statement into categorical form: If anyone loves the world, the love of the Father is not in him.
What is, "No lovers of the world are people with the love of the Father."?
Translate: You always hurt the one you love.
All people you love are people you hurt.
Translate: Nobody leaves except those who have finished.
All leavers are finishers.
or
All people who leave are people who have finished.
Translate this enthymeme into a standard-form syllogism:
Jesus could be tempted and die, because He was a man.
(All men are temptable mortals.)
All Jesus was a man.
Therefore, all Jesus was a temptable mortal.