Terms and Definitions
Totality of an organisms chemical reactions
Metabolism
The region on the surface of the enzyme which binds to the substrate molecule
How many amino acids are universal to all living organisms?
20
What does ΔG determine?
The spontaneity of the reaction
What are the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
The capacity to cause change
Energy
Energy of motion
Kinetic energy
Amino acids are joined together on the ribosome to form long chains called ____
Polypeptides
What type of reaction requires energy to be added to occur?
Endergonic
What is the structure of DNA?
A nitrogenous base, deoxyribose, and a phosphate group
Reactions that take place without the influence of any external factor
Spontaneous reactions
A system in which energy cannot be transferred
Isolated system
Which protein structure refers to the overall three-dimensional configuration of the protein based on the interaction between R-groups
Tertiary structure
What is the basic formula of ΔG?
ΔG = Products - Reactants
Nitrogenous bases interact through what type of bonds?
Hydrogen bonds
Extra energy that is required for a molecule to undergo a reaction
Activation energy
What is the suffix of most enzymes?
-ase
Proteins that interact with a polypeptide to give it a favorable environment in order for proteins to fold are called...
Chaperones
In what type of reaction is ΔG positive and the reaction is nonspontaneous?
Endergonic reaction
What is the name of the covalent bond between the H on the sugar molecule and OH on the phosphate group?
Phosphodiester bond
The substrate binds to the enzyme and the shape of the active site changes to fit the substrate better
Induced fit model
What are external factors that can denature an enzyme?
High temperatures and extreme pH
What is the structure of an amino acid?
If the reactant is high energy and the product is low energy (exergonic) will ΔG be negative or positive?
Negative
Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?
Uracil, Thymine, and Cytosine