Foundations and Definitions
The clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to accomplish individualized goals within a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional.
What is music therapy (according to AMTA)?
The four methods of music therapy identified by Bruscia.
What are re-creative, receptive, compositional, and improvisational?
What is norm-referenced versus criterion-referenced assessment.
Norm-referenced assessments compares a client's performance against a standard baseline or average score of a larger peer demographic group (example, IQ score)
• Criterion-referenced assessments measure a client's performance against a fixed, pre-determined set of criteria or specific skills, rather than comparing them to peers (MT-BC exam is example)
A technique where the therapist matches the initial music to the client's current physiological or emotional state (e.g., high tempo for agitation) and then gradually alters the music to guide the client toward a desired state (e.g., calmer tempo).
What is the Iso principle?
Discrimination, social prejudice, or systemic oppression against people with disabilities, rooted in the harmful belief that typical abilities are superior.
What is ableism?
Event prompting the start of music therapy as a field in the United States
What is World War 2?
An improvisational approach rooted in the belief that every individual possesses an inborn musicality (the "music child") that can be tapped into for personal growth and communication, regardless of disability; designed for two music therapists working together with one or more clients.
What is Nordoff-Robbins MT?
SMART is an acronym for these parts of an objective.
What are:
Specific,
Measurable,
Achievable,
Relevant,
Time-bound?
phenomenon where the body's internal rhythms (such as heart rate, breathing, or motor movements) naturally synchronize to an external, steady musical beat.
What is entrainment?
Unconscious attitudes, stereotypes, or beliefs that unintentionally affect our understanding, clinical decisions, and interactions with clients.
What is implicit bias?
The official credential awarded by the CBMT exam, verifying a professional's required educational and clinical training standards to practice legally
What is MT-BC (Music Therapist-Board Certified)?
A developmental approach that adapts music education principles (combining improvised rhythm, speech, movement, and play on xylophones and percussion) for clinical, rehabilitative, and therapeutic goals.
What is Orff music therapy?
The music therapy process of gathering data regarding a client’s strengths, challenges, preferences, and baseline functional levels to determine if services are indicated and identify goal areas for treatment.
What is assessment?
Sound qualities, such as major and minor, identified as evocative of emotions universally across all cultures (e.g., a slow, minor melody being associated with the emotion of sadness).
What are sentic forms of music?
An ongoing process where a therapist critically reflects on their own emotions, actions, biases, and countertransference before, during, and after clinical work to improve care.
What is reflexive practice?
The organization that approves academic curricula, sets clinical standards, and promotes public awareness of music therapy.
What is the AMTA (American Music Therapy Association)?
A research-based model of music therapy that applies music interventions to functional changes in the brain, focusing on treating neurological movement, speech, and cognitive disorders (e.g., stroke, Parkinson's).
What is Neurologic Music Therapy (NMT)?
The difference between clinical population and clinical setting.
Population is the specific demographic or diagnostic group of clients being served (e.g., autistic individuals, veterans with PTSD, adults with dementia).
Setting refers to the physical or professional environment where therapy takes place (e.g., hospitals, assisted living facilities, schools, clinics)
Salutogenic, versus pathogenic, approaches to health care.
Salutogenic focuses on factors that support human health, well-being, and internal strengths, whereas pathogenic focuses strictly on treating disease, deficits, and medical disorders.
A broad term used when a young child has not reached expected physical, cognitive, speech, or emotional milestones within the typical age range, but may catch up eventually over time.
What is a developmental delay?
Music therapy theorist who defined music therapy as a reflexive process wherein the therapist helps the client to optimize the client's health, using various facets of music experience and the relationships formed through them as impetus for change.
Who is Kenneth Bruscia?
The difference between improvisational MT and compositional MT methods
Compositional methods have an end product in mind; improvisational methods are process-focused.
Referral, Assessment, Treatment Planning, Implementation, Documentation, Termination, Continuing Education, and Supervision.
What are the eight standards of music therapy clinical practice?
A high-level scientific study design where participants are randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group to measure the exact efficacy of an intervention.
What are randomized controlled trials (RCTs)?
A diverse group of chronic conditions due to mental or physical impairments that manifest before adulthood and affect major life activities indefinitely.
What are developmental disabilities?