Neurodegenerative
Second most common dementia characterized by parkinsonism, dream enactment, visual hallucinations, and cognitive fluctuations.
What is Dementia with Lewy Bodies?
Common injury from which the vast majority experience full recovery within hours to 4 weeks.
What is concussion?
Transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal, excessive, or hypersynchronous neuronal activity in the brain
What is a seizure?
Learning disorder involving trouble interpreting social cues and lacking in complex motor skills, visuospatial skills, and math.
What is NVLD?
Falsification of physical or psychological signs or symptoms, or induction of injury or disease (in self or other), associated with identified deception and without any external reward.
What is factitious disorder?
Loss of neurons in this structure produces Parkinson's disease.
What is the substantia nigra?
Abrupt onset of focal neurologic deficit consistent with a vascular distribution that lasts more than 24 hrs with or without positive imaging or <24 hrs with positive imaging.
What is a stroke?
Early personality change, anosognosia, emotional blunting, apathy, and/or significant language problems.
What is FTD (bvFTD, language-variant FTD)?
Standard, simple rating scale for rating the severity of head injury in the acute phase.
What is the Glasgow Coma Scale?
At least 2 unprovoked seizures occurring at least 24 hours apart.
What is epilepsy?
Completes development in early adulthood.
What is the frontal lobe?
Standard criteria for determining malingering.
The Multidimensional Criteria aka Slick criteria
Loss of neurons in this structure produces Huntington's disease.
What is the caudate?
Stroke in which symptoms resolve within 24 hours, (usually within minutes or a couple of hours), and is a warning sign of impending stroke.
What is transient ischemic attack?
The general category of dementias involving symptoms of amnesia, agnosia, anomia, and apraxia.
What is cortical dementia?
The preferred term for what is commonly referred to as "post-concussive syndrome"
What is "persisting symptoms after concussion"?
A seizure in which the individual maintains their awareness.
What is a simple partial or focal seizure?
Neurotransmitters most implicated in ADHD.
What are dopamine and norepinephrine?
Below chance performance, inconsistency across tests, discrepancies between test data/known condition/behavior in the context of external incentive.
What is malingering?
This disorder is associated with early psychiatric symptoms and high risk of suicide.
What is Huntington's disease?
The most common site (artery) of strokes in adults.
What is the middle cerebral artery?
Cognitive domain(s) typically preserved until late in Alzheimer's disease.
What is attention, motor function, orientation, and/or social graces?
Unremarkable neuroimaging, post-traumatic amnesia/confusion <1 day and/or loss of consciousness <30 min.
What is a mild TBI?
Often precedes a seizure, especially in temporal lobe epilepsy. Examples include epigastric rising, dysgeusia, auditory hallucinations, déjà/jamais vu, dissociative symptoms.
What is an aura?
Because of neuroplasticity, as long as this procedure is performed before the age of 8, the child does remarkably well.
What is hemispherectomy?
Pending litigation, pursuit of disability, avoidance of a responsibility/duty, evading prosecution or military service
What are examples of secondary gain?
This class of medication improves parkinsonism but can cause psychosis, compulsive behavior, and intense dreams.
What are dopamine agonists?
Lacunar infarcts, often the result of chronic hypertension, preferentially affect this area of the brain.
What is the basal ganglia?
Impaired learning, little benefit from repetition, rapid forgetting, intrusions, and poor recognition with a yes-response bias.
What is the classic memory pattern in Alzheimer's disease?
Shearing/stretching that disrupts neuronal transmission.
What is diffuse axonal injury?
Seizures or spells with no EEG change, often a history of trauma/abuse, family history of seizures
What are non-epileptic seizures?
A rare autoimmune disease in children that affects one hemisphere and involves seizures and motor/speech loss.
What is Rasmussen's encephalitis?
Tests/indicators of the veracity of a patient's complaints or symptoms.
What are SVTs?
Early and numerous falls (often backward) and trouble directing gaze (gaze paresis) are suggestive of this disorder.
What is progressive supranuclear palsy?
Localized area of dead tissue resulting from ischemia (80% of all strokes)
What is an infarct?
Trisomy 21 mutation with resulting Alzheimer's disease ~age 40.
What is Down Syndrome?
Wallerian degeneration, edema, increased intracranial pressure, and herniation.
What are complications of severe TBI?
Focal seizures that spread to both hemispheres
What is secondary generalized?
Symptom onset must occur before 12 years of age
What is ADHD?
Symptom validity indicators within the MMPI-2.
What are scales F, L, K?
A preventable movement disorder caused by long term use or high doses of antipsychotics.
What is tardive dyskinesia?
Severe headache, vomiting, neck rigidity, altered consciousness, oculomotor disturbance.
What are signs of hemorrhagic stroke?
This genetic variant is a risk gene for AD.
What is APOE4?
Shifting/displacement of brain tissue due to an injury
What is herniation?
Sudden behavioral arrest and unresponsiveness, usually <10 seconds, can have some automatisms or motor features
What is an absence seizure?
Ability to adapt or respond to injury to compensate for loss of function.
What is neuroplasticity?
The TOMM, Word Choice, Reliable Digit Span, CVLT Forced Choice, Dot Counting Test, Rey 15 Item
What are examples of performance validity tests?
Movement disorder with hallmark of asymmetric rigidity or loss of dexterity (usually of one arm) and apraxia.
What is corticobasal syndrome?
Usually congenital and benign.
What is a meningioma?
This genetic mutation causes early onset, familial Alzheimer's disease.
What is presenilin?
Young adult males, elderly, and young children
What are the demographic groups most at risk for TBI.
Phenomenon during development in which language takes over areas generally reserved for visuospatial skills.
What is the "crowding effect"?
Associated with thicker cortices, greater dendritic development, more synapses per neuron.
What is the result of environmental enrichment?
Total correct digits forward plus correct digits backward on both trials.
Reliable Digit Span, a commonly used embedded performance validity indicator.
Rare, rapidly progressive, fatal dementias characterized by small, infectious protein particles and spongiform atrophy.
What is are prion diseases, eg CJD?
A stroke in this region may present with uneven gait, emotional incontinence, dysarthric speech, and reports of an earlier episode of sudden nausea/vomiting, imbalance, and tremor.
What is the cerebellum?
Difficulty with people's names, more trouble multi-tasking, somewhat slower processing
Typical features of normal aging
Temporary period of energy crisis, ionic flux, axonal injury, altered neurotransmitters that produces the common symptoms of concussion.
What is the neurometabolic cascade?
Most common pathophysiologic substrate (etiology) of epilepsy
Hippocampal/mesial temporal sclerosis (cell loss, gliosis in hippocampus and dentate gyrus)
Part of neurodevelopment that continues through the 20s and occurs in a predictable sequence (primary sensory areas first, then association cortex, lastly frontal region)
Myelination
Below chance performance on one or more forced choice measures is known as
Negative response bias
General term for the constellation of motor symptoms classic for Parkinson's disease but may also be due to a Parkinson-plus syndrome, TBI, stroke, toxin, medications
Parkinsonism/parkinsonian features
Hypoxia, increased intracranial pressure, mass effect, toxicity from blood
Mechanisms of damage in stroke