Sensation
What is the difference threshold?
The smallest detectable change that is just the barely noticeable difference
What is interposition?
Interposition is a monocular cue that states that if one object blocks another it is in front
True or false: babies need more sleep than adults
True
What is hypnosis?
Systematic procedure producing a heightened state of suggestibility; involves a situation in which:
One person responds to suggestions
A person experiences alterations in perceptions, thinking, and behavior
A person feels that their actions are occurring involuntarily
What is classical conditioning limited to?
pre existing reflexes
What is absolute threshold?
The minimal intensity to be able to detect a stimulus
What is size constancy?
It refers to perceiving an object the same size even when they move closer or farther away
Why do we dream?
to maintain our genetic individuality
Wish fulfillment
to get rid of excess memories and make sense of our day
random neural processes
What is the non state socio cognitive approach?
Nothing special; “good” subject
Hypnotic subjects do what is considered appropriate
Evidence: manipulating expectations can produce results similar to hypnosis
EX. Placebo effect (pills/ attention): alcoholic vs non alcoholic drinks, same drunkness
What is the social learning theory?
Observation, imitation, cognition
What is signal detection theory? What is an example?
Whether or not you (consciously) experience some stimulus and whether or not (how) you respond to it. Ex:
Expectancy: expecting it
b) Guardedness: situation, in the shower
c) Payoff: what is the payoff of answering the call
d) Probability: what is the likelihood someone will call
What is common fate? what is simplicity?
CF: Elements of a visual figure that move together are perceived as parts of a single moving object
ex. planes moving together, a flock of birds
Simp: The simplest explanation is the best choice
ex. arrow instead of triangle on top of rectangle
What are lucid dreams?
Dreams in which the dreamer is aware that he/ she is dreaming and has ability to control the dream and outcome of dream
Associated with positive psychological adjustment
What is the neodissociation (special process) approach?
Hypnosis = something special
Separate cognitive systems interact with one another, usually one is dominant (executive ego)
But when hypnotized -- alterations in the function of the boss --dissociation
Which schedules of reinforcement are hard to extinguish?
The variable schedules
What is pitch?
Range of frequencies we can respond to; how high or low a sound is
Which area is active when we dream?
the amygdala
What is the compensation (psychoanalytic) theory of dreams?
Dreams compensate for deficits in our waking lives
ex. wish fullfillment, conflict resolution
What is classical conditioning?
An existing reflex or response (e.g., blink/ drool/ startle) is paired with a new stimulus so that the new stimulus brings about the old reflex
Ex
UCS, UCR, CS, CR
What is operant conditioning?
An animal’s behavior = operating on the environment, which causes or avoids a consequence
Reinforcement/ consequences depend(s) on proper responses; behavior occurs to produce certain outcomes
What is the trichromatic theory?
What is the opponent process theory?
The TCT is that every color of light that we see is actually see is one of or a combination of 3 primary colors (Red, Green, Blue)
White = all of red, green, blue, together in equal amounts
Black = absence of light
The OPT is the Mechanisms in the eye respond best…
R-G, B-Y, B-W
Arranged in pairs;
Negative/ complementary after-images
Overuse one, see the other
Colorblind individuals: lack photopigment that responds best to to one of these pairs
Trichromatic Theory can’t explain this; would say if you are R-G colorblind, you shouldn’t see any colors but blue
What is Latent content?
What dream really means, repression/defense mechanisms
What is the Continuity (activation synthesis) theory?
Dreams reflect our waking personality, there is continuity between dream content and who you are
ex. worries in real life vs. dreams
What is habituation? What is dishabituation?
Habituation is a decline in an organism’s tendency to respond to a stimulus once the stimulus has become familiar
Examples: air conditioner you ignore in class
Dishabituation is the recovery of attention when…that stimulus changes
They are the best predictors we have from infancy of later IQ
Why are people who get addicted to drug more susceptible to overdosing/relapsing?
People who are addicted associate location/ people/ scent with the high which can cause people to relapse
Extinction would be: exposure w/o drug