Memory
What is implicit memory?
Past experience influences behavior, but without attempts to recall and without awareness of memory
Examples: how to tie your shoe, ride a bike
What is a phoneme?
Shortest speech/ sound unit that is recognizable as speech and can produce a change in meaning
Examples: cat bat eat rat that fat
What is one of the strongest environmental influences on intelligence?
Socioeconomic status (SES)
What does it mean when a test is norm referenced?
Individual performance is evaluated relative to the performance of a normative group on the same test
(Group is usually kids same age)
What is child directed speech?
Change of linguistic style when talking to young children; used by men and women, older children with younger children, deaf adults, most but not all languages/cultures
Why are children not a good witness to use to testify for a crime?
Not being able to know of he can understand the questions, not knowing how to handle repeated questions, and desire to please adults/authority figures
What is a morpheme?
Smallest meaningful unit in a language in and of itself
Examples: -s, -ed, -’s, -ing, the, a
What is Sternberg's theory of intelligence?
Componential/ Analytical: describes how components/mental processes work together to give us intellectual thought; metacognition: monitor and adjust
(book smarts)
Contextual/ Practical: “street smarts;” common sense; ability to show intelligent behavior in real-life contexts
(Have to be able to pick up on social cues, “tacit knowledge”)
Experiential/ Creative: ability to take a newly learned skill and make it routine & then apply it to new situations
What does it mean when a test is standardized?
Similarity in administration and scoring from one test session to another
(Everything has to be identical)
What is the one word stage of language development?
The one-word stage (beginning around 12 months)
Nominals and basic verbs
Overextension: of meaning
Underextension: use of words in a highly individualistic, very specific way
Holophrase: one-word sentence
What is retroactive interference?
New stuff interferes with the old stuff
Example: learning list A, then list B, and having trouble recalling list A
Proactive interference: old stuff interferes with new stuff
Example: Group 1: learn A, learn B, recall B
What is the Cattell theory of intelligence?
Fluid intelligence: biologically based; non-verbal, culture-free
Fixed
Crystallized intelligence: experience-based
Changeable
What is Gardner's theory of intelligence?
Specific types of intelligence which require different skills, all independent of one another
Profile: Strengths =+ weaknesses
(a) Linguistic/verbal: good with words
(poets, journalists)
(b) Logical/ mathematical: good with numbers
(engineers, mathematicians)
(c) Musical: Good with music
(composers, conductors, sound engineers)
(d) Bodily-kinesthetic: Good with motor skills
(dancers, athletes, rock climbers, surgeons, mechanics)
(e) Spatial: Good with navigating through space
(artists, navigators, sailors, sculptors)
(f) Interpersonal: Understanding of others
(therapists, salespeople, teachers, religious leaders)
(g) Intrapersonal: understanding yourself
(writers, therapists)
(h) Naturalist: understanding of environment
(biologists, hunters, farmers, environmentalists, gardeners)
Basis for theory: Brain injuries, Savants
Effects of theory on education: never encourage a child in only 1 or 2 areas, more than math and verbal
What is reliability? What is validity?
Validity: measures what it claims to measure
Reliability: consistency of the test
What is the mutual exclusivity constraint?
Each object has one and only name
--Example: give new object that they don’t know the name of
Why does forgetting occur?
Ineffective encoding: storage issue (not stored or stored improperly); may be due to absentmindedness
--Examples: studying and distracted by phone or tv
Decay (Transience): forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time, likely due to physiological mechanisms of memory
Interference: forgetting occurs because of…competition from other material
--other info gets in the way of what we want to remember (target)
Motivated Forgetting: Freud: embarrassing, unpleasant, painful memories à subconscious
Blocking: failure to retrieve what is available even though you are trying to (“tip-of-the-tongue”); the sought-after information has been…blocked
--Occurs especially often for…the names of people and places, Occurs more frequently as you get older
Memory Misattribution: assigning a recollection or idea to the wrong source
--Error of source memory, Occurs especially frequently in patients with frontal lobe damage
Example: eyewitness describes a perpetrator whom they saw later in the day
Suggestibility: tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal memories
What is infantile amnesia?
lack of memory for very early experiences; may be due to encoding, storage, or retrieval deficits
(a) Level of brain maturation (frontal lobes)
(b) Lack of sense of self (to attach memories to)
(c) Malleability of memory (easily modified)
What is creativity?
Capacity for original thinking and problem-solving; the ability to do things in new and different ways
What is the learning theories of language acquisition?
Learning Theory (Skinner): Learning language is like learning any other behavior
Operant conditioning: principles explain how children come to produce speech
--Reinforcement: increasing the likelihood of a behavior
--Shaping: selective reinforcement
Imitation/ modeling: external ® internal reinforcement
Stimulus control: particular words with particular stimuli
What is priming? What are social routines?
Priming is a nonconscious form of human memory concerned with perceptual identification of words and objects. It refers to activating particular representations or associations in memory just before carrying out an action or task.
For example, a person who sees the word "yellow" will be slightly faster to recognize the word "banana." This happens because yellow and banana are closely associated in memory. Additionally, priming can also refer to a technique in psychology used to train a person's memory in both positive and negative ways.
Social Routines-- Sayings/ phrases reserved only for very particular occasions
Production before comprehension
Produce language before understanding
Marked with, “Say…” Thank you, cheese, you’re welcome
Universal
what is memory misattribution?
Assigning a recollection or idea to the wrong source
• Error of source memory
• Occurs especially frequently in patients…with frontal lobe damage
Example: eyewitness describes a perpetrator whom they saw later in the day
What is Retrograde amnesia? What is Anterograde amnesia?
RA- Rare and Resulting from brain injury (hippocampus or inferior aspects of the temporal lobe)
•Loss of memory for: time prior to the injury
•Duration: usually a few minutes to a few years
•Typically it is worst for: the day or two before the injury
•Very rarely, there have been reported cases of pure retrograde amnesia from brain injury, Usually a combination of retrograde & anterograde amnesia
AA- Can remember events from the past (life preceding injury), but…unable to form new declarative memories
Example: HM: no hippocampus/ surrounding region (medial temporal lobe memory system)
•No ability to form new LT episodic memories
•No ability to form new semantic memories
•Can remember old
•Has some procedural memory:
What is the spearman's theory of intelligence?
g,” or “general intelligence”:
You either got it or you don’t
Neurological > environmental basis
What is the nativist theory of language?
Language is innate and maturational; governed by an abstract set of rules
--Language Acquisition Device (LAD): inborn neural mechanism specialized for language-learning; allows you to extract rules of language(s) you are exposed to learn language, what you speak depends on what you hear
--Universal grammar: utilized by the LAD; explains ability to learn any language
Evidence:
1. Born with ability to learn any language
2. Soon narrow sounds produced/ understood to native language
What are speech registers? Examples?
Language adaptations to social expectations
Audience: change how you speak based on audience
Role: what role are you playing in conversation
Medium: format they are using to communicate
Topic: what are you talking about