Psychological Research & Biopsychology
In observational research, scientists are conducting a ____________ ___________ when they focus on one person or just a few individuals.
What is case study?
When we learn by watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say.
What is observational learning?
A subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings.
What is emotion?
The long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways.
What is personality?
This is the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology (i.e., their causes), and treatment.
What is psychopathology?
A relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect.
What is correlation?
A type of conditioning by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events.
What is classical conditioning?
An individual’s belief in their own capability to complete a task, which may include a previous successful completion a similar task.
What is self-efficacy?
This encompasses our thoughts and feelings about ourselves (popularized by humanistic theorist Carl Rogers' ideas about personality).
What is self-concept?
Although a number of classification systems have been developed over time, this is the one that is used by most mental health professionals in the United States.
What is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)?
The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into the sympathetic nervous system and ____________ nervous system.
What is parasympathetic?
A desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior.
What is positive reinforcement?
Motivations arising from internal factors.
What is intrinsic?
These theorists believe personality can be understood via the approach that all people have certain characteristic ways of behaving.
What is trait?
These are characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior.
What are anxiety disorders?
A state of equilibrium, or balance, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.
What is homeostasis?
The set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time
What is memory?
Abraham Maslow (1943) proposed a _____________ ____ _________ that spans the spectrum of motives ranging from the biological to the individual to the social; these needs are often depicted as a pyramid.
What is hierarchy of needs?
A helpful way to remember the five factors in the Five Factor Model of personality theory is by using this mnemonic.
What is OCEAN?
These are characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions—most often depression, but also mania and elation.
What are mood disorders?
This system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones.
What is endocrine?
This is thinking that encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.
What is cognition?
According to this theory of motivation, deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs.
What is drive theory?
Psychologists Hans and Sybil Eysenck were personality theorists who focused on _______________, the inborn, genetically based personality differences.
What is temperament?
A psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth.
What is psychotherapy?